人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退，写作可以弥补记忆的不足，将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来，也便于保存一份美好的回忆。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗？下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文，希望能够帮助到大家，我们一起来看一看吧。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇一

1961年被国务院公布为全国重点文保护单位。被誉为“长安远在西域的翻版”曾经有一位考古学家这样说“如果想知道盛唐时的长安城是什么样，就来吐鲁番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐时长安远在西域的翻版”时光已逝千年，但当时的繁盛仍依稀可见。

高昌故城奠基于公元前一世纪，是西汉王朝在车师前国境内的屯田部队所建。《汉书》中最早提到了“高昌壁”。《北史•西域传》记载：“昔汉武遣兵西讨，师旅顿敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地势高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。汉、魏、晋历代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被称为“戊己校尉城”。

公元320__年，前凉张骏在此“置高昌郡，立田地县”(《初学记》卷八引顾野三《舆地志》)。继之又先后为河西走廊的前奏、后凉、西凉、北凉所管辖。442年，北凉残余势力在沮渠无讳率领下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政权。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，灭车师前国，吐鲁番盆地政治、经济、文化的中心遂由交河城完全转移到高昌城。460年，柔然人杀北凉王安周，“以阚伯周为高昌王。高昌之称王自此始也”(《周书。高昌传》)。

此后张、马、麴氏在高昌相继称王，其中以麴氏高昌统治时间最长，达一百四十余年(499-640)。

这些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的册封。麴伯雅还曾到隋朝长安朝觐，并娶隋华容公主为妻。

640年，唐吏部尚书侯君集带兵统一了高昌，在此置西州，下辖高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五县。由侯君集所得高昌国户籍档案统计，当时有人口三万七千。

八世纪末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占据了高昌。

九世纪中叶以后，漠北草原回鹘汗国衰亡后，西迁的部分余众攻下高昌，在此建立了回鹘高昌国。其疆域最盛时包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龟兹二都督府之地。此外还统有分布在罗布淖一带的众熨及其它一些别的民族或部落，地域范围远远超过了今吐鲁番盆地。1220__年，高昌回鹘臣附蒙古，成吉思汗赐回鹘高昌王为自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。

十三世纪以后，天山以北广大地区的西北蒙古游牧贵族以海都、都哇为首发动叛乱，坚持“仍旧要生活在草原上，不能到城市地区去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣属于元朝的回鹘高昌国，1275年一次出兵十二万围攻火州(高昌)达半年之久，后来亦都护(高昌王号)火赤哈尔的斤终于战死在同海都、都哇的战争中。这场战火延续四十余年之久，高昌城在战乱中被毁。

元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗册封继承高王位的火赤哈尔的斤的儿子纽林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“领兵火州，复立畏兀儿城池”(《元史•巴而术阿尔忒的斤传》)。由于高昌城在战火中毁坏过甚，这次重建的火州城已不在高昌旧址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝统治瓦解后，火洲部割据处称“地面”，故《明史》称：“火州……东有荒城，即高昌国都”。

登高眺望，全程平面略呈不规则的正方形，布局可以分为外城、内城和宫城三部分。城垣保存较完整。

外城略呈方形，周长约五公里，占地面二百万平方米。城墙为夯筑，墙基厚约12米，高11.5米，周长约5公里;夯土筑成，夯层厚8-12厘米，间杂少量的土坯，有清楚地夹棍眼;城垣外侧有突出的垛台一“马面”建筑。

高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一万平方米，由大门、庭院、讲经堂、藏经楼、大殿、僧房等组成。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图案分析，其建筑年代约在公元六世纪。寺院附近还残存一些“坊”、“市”遗址，可能是小手工业者的作坊和商业市场。外城的东南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多边形的塔和一个礼拜窟(支提窟)，是城内唯一保存有较好壁画的地方。从壁画的风格和塔的造型分析，为回鹘高昌后期(公元12-13世纪)的建筑。

内城北部正中有一平面不规则略呈正方形的小堡垒，当地叫“可汗堡”。堡内北面的高台上有一高达十五米的夯筑方形塔状建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下双层建筑物，现仅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有宽大的阶梯式门道供出入，规模虽不大，但与交河故城现存唐代最豪华的一所官署衙门建筑形式相同，可能是一宫殿遗址。解放前，一支德国考察队曾在堡内东南角盗掘出一方“北凉承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政权的北凉王，据该碑推断，此堡可能是当时的宫城，并有王室寺院。

北部的宫城内留存许多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高达四层的宫殿建筑遗址。

高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在这里。整个墓群从城东北一直延伸到城西北，东西长约五公里，南北宽两公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世纪初以来，在这里发掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文书、丝毛棉麻织物、墓志、钱币、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、绘画、农作物、瓜果食品等各种历史文物，数以万计。

实地考察，证之文献资料，高昌郡时期高昌城已经有了现存的内城。外城墙是麴氏高昌时期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的属于这一时期的文书中有“北坊中城”、“东南坊”、“西南坊”等记载，说明当时此城已经有中、外之分，东、南、西、北之别。见于文书中的城门有青阳门、建阳门、玄德门、武城门、金章门、金福门等。敦煌莫高窟藏经洞发现的《西州图经》中记：“圣人塔，在子城东北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宫城在今“可汗堡”内。麴氏高昌时期随着外城的修建，宫城遂迁移到北部，南面而王，与隋唐时长安城的布局相似。回鹘高昌时期宫城内又曾大兴土木。

汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原中亚、欧洲的枢纽。经贸活动十分活跃，世界各地的宗教先后经由高昌传入内地，毫不夸张的说，它是世界古代宗教最活跃最发达的地方，也是世界宗教文化荟萃的宝地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，为了提高佛教学水平，不畏杀身之祸，于公元620__年偷偷离开长安，出玉门，经高昌，沿丝绸中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度诸国，历时20__年。在高昌，玄奘诵经讲佛，与高昌王拜为兄弟，留下一段千古佳话。

高昌故城自公元前一世纪建高昌壁，到十三世纪废弃，使用了一千三百多年。始建时间距今已有两千多年了。它是吐鲁番地区千年沧桑的见证。

1988年被列为国家级重点文物保护单位。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇二

各位游客：

新疆的吐鲁番有两座中国现存最完整的古城遗址，1961年被列为首批全国重点文物保护单位，分别是高昌故城和河故城，被称为吐鲁番盆地中一对风格不同的“姐妹城”。它们在经历了几千年的风风雨雨后，如今虽然只留下断壁残垣，然而当年高耸的城墙依然气势恢弘，深陷的护城河轮廓仍历历在目。下面让我们带着访古探胜的心情，先去参观一下高故城吧：

高昌故城的得名→高昌王国的历史

游客们，高昌故城位于吐鲁番以东45公里处的火焰山南麓，即木头沟河的三角洲地段，这座驰名中外的西域古都，曾先后为麴氏高昌王国和回鹘高昌王国的都城，历尽繁华，曾是古丝绸之路的必经之地和重要门户。在前往故城的途中，我先来介绍一下它的得名和历史。

高昌故城，维吾尔语中称为“亦都护城”，也就是“王城”的意思。《北史•高昌传》中称它因“地势高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。

据历史记载，高昌故城始建于公元前1世纪的西汉。当时称为“高昌壁”或“高昌垒”，汉、魏、晋历代都曾在此设立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元320__年，前凉张骏在此设置高昌郡，开创了西域郡县制的先河。高昌建国是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，车师国灭亡，柔然立阐氏伯周为王，称其国为高昌国，从而掀开了高昌王国的序幕。南北朝时期，这里诸王争霸，但国号仍为“高昌”。公元620__年，唐贞观年间，高昌王勾结西突厥截断丝绸之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王国，将高昌改称“西州”。公元9世纪末，由漠北西迁到此的回鹘人建立了回鹘高昌国，仍臣属中原王朝，史称“西州回鹘”或“高昌回鹘”。1220__年，高昌回鹘则顺成吉思汗，称“畏兀儿王国”。1283年，高昌城毁于战火，高昌回鹘王国灭亡，至此，高昌城被废。 纵观高昌故城的历史演变，历经1500多年，其间由盛及衰，演绎了一部西域部族的兴亡史。

高昌故城遗址→高昌的对外交流→高昌文化

游客们，现在我们来到了高昌故城遗址。只见残破的城墙全用黄土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不规则的正方形;分外城、内城、宫城三部分。布局似唐代的长安城。外城呈正方形，周长5.4公里，城墙最高处达11.5米，城基宽12米。内城居于外城正中，周长3600米，现仅存西墙980米，南墙850米。宫城居于外城城北。请看，前方那数座高3米至4米的土台称为“可汗堡”，就是原回鹊高昌的宫廷所在地。这里发掘出的绿色琉璃瓦、纹饰华丽的石柱础和巨幅的奏乐图精美壁画，记录了故都昔日的繁华。据史书记载，鼎盛时期的能城有12个门，市内房屋鳞次栉比，有作坊、市场、庙宇和居民区等建筑，总面积为200万平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，风格与交河故城相似，下挖为院，掏洞为室，不用木料，为吐鲁番一奇。

汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原、中亚、欧洲的枢纽，它既是经贸活动的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的荟萃地。当时波斯等 地的商人，从他们国家带来苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、宝石和骏马来到高昌城，又从这里带走中原的丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和造纸、火药、印刷术。与此同时，世界各地的宗教先后经高昌传入内地。当时的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活跃、最发达的地方。

高昌王国鼎盛时期;还孕育了丰富的高昌文化，成为高昌的珍贵遗产。麴氏高昌王国十任国王都是汉人，因此汉文化对高昌的影响显而易见。但高昌毕竟属于杂胡地带，车师、回鹘、突厥以至后来的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族杂居，因此当地人会数种语言，语种形态丰富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服饰也十分讲究，并擅长制作美食。驰名中外的高昌古乐，更是高昌人的骄傲，它以浓烈的异域风情和丰富的艺术语汇在汉唐时流行，被列入唐朝十部大乐之中，成为中西融合的文化瑰宝。可以这样理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文体底蕴，使之成为代表西域历史的典范和标本。

讲经堂遗址→唐僧玄奘与高昌

游客们，高昌故城废弃以后，被开垦为耕地，大部分地面建筑荡然无存，遗址保存较好的除城墙外，还有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就让我们乘着“驴的”前往参观。

各位游客，请看这座大佛寺遗址，占地近1万平方米。仔细观察，这座佛寺的山门、讲经堂、大殿、藏经楼、僧舍等建筑布局，仍历历在目。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图分析，其建筑年代属麴氏高昌中期，约为隋代所建。

说起这座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘还曾到此讲过经。相传公元620__年(唐贞观三年)，玄奘29岁时，为了提高佛学水平，不畏艰险，从长安出发西行，沿丝绸之路到佛国印度游学取经，历时20__年。由于玄类取经起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夹在西域商人中出行，因为没有政府发给的公文，路上还曾受到缉拿。然而玄类在克服了重重困难以后，不仅从印度取得了佛经，而且返回故土，著书立说，纠正了国内僧侣对佛经种.种不正确的解释，成为最具声望的一代高僧。

回国后，玄奘的境遇与出国前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重视，唐高宗李治在为纪念母亲而建的慈恩寺内造了一座大雁塔，专门用来供放玄奘带回来的历7部佛经。玄奘在西行路上，途经伊吾(今哈密)，当高昌王麴文泰得知东土大唐不远万里来了一位求法的高僧时，便派人把玄类请来，专门安排在王宫内居住，与玄奘结为兄弟。他还苦口婆心地劝说玄奘留在高昌当“国师”，但不能动摇玄类西行探求真经的坚志大愿。高昌王无奈，只好请玄类讲经一月后再走。

临行前，高昌王为玄奘写了24封致西域各国的通行文书，还赠送了马匹和25名仆役。出发那天，全城夹道相送，高昌王鞠义泰抱住大师失声励哭，亲自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜别。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事为我们留下了一段舌古佳话，以致吴承恩的神话小说《西游记》中就有以火焰山等为场景而衍化出的美丽传奇。

各位游客，高昌故城的参观即将结束了。望着这屡经岁月剥蚀的故城，在领略它的古老、苍茫和凝重之余，您还将作何观感呢?“曾经的辉煌将永远让人铭记”，或许这就是历史给我们的启迪吧!

吐鲁番概况导游词篇三

各位游客：

欢迎大家来到吐鲁番。提起吐鲁番，人们就会情不自禁地想起“西部歌王”王洛宾，他那“吐鲁番的葡萄熟了，阿娜尔罕的心儿醉了”，美妙的歌词，动人的旋律，把我们带入了一个如诗如画的境界。下面就让我们走进吐鲁番，共同去感受一下它的神奇魅力吧!

吐鲁番的地理特点→气候特征

“最热、最低、最旱、最甜”，这是人们对吐鲁番的形象描述，也准确地概括了吐鲁番的地理和气候特点。

游客们，我们先来介绍一下吐鲁番的地理位置和地形特征。吐鲁番地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区的中部，东面与哈密接壤，西、南面与巴音郭楞接壤，西北距乌鲁木齐市183、公里，北面与昌吉毗邻。东西长约300公里，南北宽约240公里，面积6.四万平方公里，占全疆总面积的4.2%。地形特点是两山夹一盆，博格达山和库鲁克塔格山南北夹峙，中间是吐鲁番盆地。地区下辖二县一市，即都善县、托克逊县和吐鲁番市。总人口约52万。主要民族有维吾尔、汉、回、哈萨克、满、俄罗斯等。

吐鲁番盆地是天山东部一个东西横置的形如橄榄状的山间盆地，四周环山，北高南低，西宽东窄。由于距今约3000万年前的喜马拉雅造山运动，塑造了奇特多样的地质构造和地貌形态。北面有常年覆盖着皑皑白雪的海拔5445米的天山博格达峰，中部有横卧东西绵延100公里的赤热的火焰山，还有火焰山脉中闻名天下的7公里长的葡萄沟，最奇特的是低于海平面154米的盆底艾丁湖，是我国最低的盆地，在世界上也仅次子低于海平面391米的约旦死海，为世界第二低地。吐鲁番盆地集雪山、河谷、沙丘、湖泊为一体，犹如一幅巨型的风景画卷，让人驻足流连。

由于其独特的地理环境，吐鲁番成了中国夏季气温最高的地方，每年6—8月，这里平均气温为35℃一37℃之间，极端最高气温达49.6℃，而地表温度超过70℃，所以人们形容这里“沙窝里能烤熟鸡蛋，石板上能烙熟大饼”。当我们的汽车行驶穿梭在村庄里时，还可以看到这样新奇的现象，即家家户户的床都放在屋外，当地的居民就是这样来度过炎热的夏季的。因此从古到今人们把吐鲁番称为“火洲”也是恰如其分的。不过，尽管这里绝对温度很高，但昼夜温差较大，外加盆地中常刮大风，即使白天酷热难当，一旦太阳下山，夜幕降临， 气温也会逐渐凉爽下来。特别是春秋两季，温差更加明显，早 晚和中午，俨然两个季节，“早穿皮袄午穿纱”是吐鲁番盆地气候特点的真实写照。

吐鲁番干旱少雨，这里全年中几乎有10个月不见雨雪，年平均降水量为16.6毫米，但蒸发量却高达3000毫米。降水的季节，主要集中在夏季。由于雨量小、雨点粗、降水时间极短，因此，人们常以“干燥无雨”来形容吐鲁番盆地的气候。作为降水量一部分的降雪量在吐鲁番盆地更是稀少，市内冬季降雪平均不足2毫米。然而博格达峰的终年积雪却为盆地提供了无尽的水源，当地的人们通过开挖坎尔井，将雪山融水通过地下潜流引向地面，灌溉良田，孕育了生机盎然的沙漠绿洲。

封闭的盆地，稀薄的云量，强烈的太阳辐射，极高的气温，形成了丰富的热量资源。天高云淡的吐鲁番盆地，年日照时数达3000小时以上。丰富的热量资源，为瓜果、棉花等喜温作物提供了理想的生长环境。如驰名中外的吐鲁番葡萄就有20__多年的种植史，品种多达300余个，经检测，吐鲁番葡萄的含糖量高达22%一26%，超过含糖量最高的美国加利福尼亚葡萄(含糖量为20%)，是世界上最甜的葡萄。

游客们，在介绍了吐鲁番的地理概况后，我们再来回顾一下它的历史：

吐鲁番，古称高昌、西州、火州，早在20__多年前的西汉时期，就成了西域地区的政治、经济和文化的中心，是古代丝绸之路上的著名重镇。当地车师人所建的车师前国曾在此称雄一时，两晋时这里是西域都护府所在地，建立了“高昌郡”。麴氏高昌王国灭亡后，唐朝在这里设置了“西州”。宋代漠北 回鹘人大举西迁，又建立了高昌王国。元明两代改设“火州”、“和州”。清设吐鲁番直隶厅。民国2年(公元1913年)设置吐鲁番县。1985年撤县设吐鲁番市。

吐鲁番还是新疆最早对外开放的地区之一。自汉唐以来，对外交流就十分频繁，来往于中原和印度、波斯、地中海沿岸的商人、僧侣、使节络绎不绝，给吐鲁番留下了许多美丽的传说。

游客们，来到吐鲁番，仿佛翻阅了一幅厚重的历史画卷。 这里有饱经战争沧桑的交河故城、高昌故城，还有精美绚丽的柏孜克里克干佛洞壁画，以及被誉为地下博物馆的阿斯塔那古墓群，伊斯兰风格古建筑苏公塔等……它们向人们展示着不同时代的历史风貌。

历史给吐鲁番留下的不仅仅是遗址，还有悠久的文化，这里的民俗风情浓郁多彩，这里的人们热情奔放，能歌善舞。倘若入夜在吐鲁番宾馆葡萄架下一边品尝瓜果，一边欣赏“麦西莱甫”晚会，一定会使您暑气尽消，心旷神怡。

游客们，吐鲁番的概况就向大家介到这里。或许有的游客要说，讲了半天，我还没有把“吐鲁番”三个字的汉语意思表达出来。是的，吐鲁番是突厥语，意为“富庶丰饶的地方”，听了名字的翻译再对照前面的介绍，您是否也有同样的感受呢?但愿吐鲁番这个美丽富饶的地方能给您的旅行增加更多的乐趣。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇四

dear tourists

as we all know, the hottest place in the country is turpan, and the hottestplace in turpan is fangdangtui huoyan mountain. in summer, the highesttemperature of huoyanshan is above 47.8 ℃. in midsummer, when the sun is red,the earth's atmosphere is transpiration and the clouds are shrouded, which isvery spectacular.

the name of huoyanshan → mountain characteristics

tourists, through the window, we can see that the thing in front is like afire dragon lying in the middle of turpan basin. the red mountain isyanshan.

the name of huoyanshan mainly comes from its appearance. look! the bedrockof huoyanshan is exposed, the reddish brown sandstone glows in the hot sun, andthe hot air is rolling up, just like thousands of flames burning. the name of"huoyanshan" comes from this. huoyanshan is called chishi mountain in ancientbooks, and kiziltag in uighur language, which means red mountain. cen shenci, apoet of the tang dynasty, passed through huoyanshan and wrote "the volcanostands out at the mouth of chitingkou, and the fire clouds are thick in may.".the mountains are full of volcanoes and the birds are flying far away. "dare notcome". chen cheng, a traveler in the ming dynasty, once wrote a poem to describeit: "a piece of smoke and a piece of red, burning to the sky. at the end ofspring, it's half as clear as summer. who knows that there is zhu rong in thewest? " it can be called a vivid portrayal of huoyanshan.

huoyanshan is a long and narrow mountain in east-west direction, with atotal length of 98 km and a north-south width of 9 km. the general height isabout 500 meters, and the highest peak is 831.7 meters. despite the fact thatthere is no grass on the surface of huoyan mountain, due to crustal movement andriver cutting, there are many picturesque gullies and canyons hidden in themountain, such as putaogou, tuyugou, taoergou, mumugou, shengjinkou canyon, these valleys, the streams linger, the melons and fruits are fragrant, theflowers and trees are verdant, and the scenery is charming, just like the"flower and fruit dock" scene in "huozhou".

the formation of huoyanshan → the best observation point is shengjinkou

perhaps some tourists will ask: how did the flame mountain form? how manyyears ago? the answer to these two questions can be traced back to 140 millionyears ago. at that time, due to the short and small folds in the front of bogdamountain in the east of tianshan mountain, the crust changed, and after thehimalayan orogeny, the rudiment of the mountains gradually formed. since then,it has experienced a long geological period, spanning several geological periodsof jurassic, cretaceous and tertiary, together with the special climateenvironment, showing the current geological shape.

tourists, the best place to observe the structure of huoyanshan isshengjinkou. please get out of the car and take photos in front of the stonepedestal with the sign of "huoyanshan", and then listen to my explanation.

shengjinkou is 30 kilometers away from turpan city in the west, connectingxinjiang with the mainland of 312 national highway, and crossing the huoyanshanby the mugou river. shengjinkou mountain is a precipitous place for militarystrategists since ancient times. as for the name of shengjinkou, there isanother origin: in the past, the local people called shengjinkou "seepingmouth". that's because after the water from mutugou flowed out of tianshanmountain, it became less and less. when they arrived at the gobi desert nearshengjinkou, the water almost seeped clean, so they called it "seeping mouth".later, people thought the name was not very auspicious, so they changed itshomonym to "shengjinkou", so it has been used to this day.

[story of huoyanshan: myth of journey to the west → uyghur folklore]tourists, huoyanshan is named not only because of its unique appearance andstructure, but also because of its legendary mythology.

journey to the west is one of the stories in which the master andapprentice of tang monks and disciples of the tang dynasty are hindered fromlearning from the buddhist scriptures in huoyan mountain. in the 59th and 60thchapters of journey to the west, "tang sanzang road blocks flame mountain, andsun xinger's three tune banana fan," it is written: "there is a state of sri onthe western road, which is the place where the sun sets. it is commonly called"the end of the sky. ". there is a flame mountain here. it is hot all the yearround. the flame mountain has a flame of 800 li, surrounded by nothing. if youcross the mountain, you will turn your copper skull and iron body into juice. "although this description is exaggerated, the basic characteristics of hotseasons and barren grass are completely consistent with the actual situation ofhuoyanshan. it can be seen that the author did not invent it out of thinair.

in the eyes of the common people, good is the highest beauty, so the endingof the story in huoyanshan is that justice will defeat evil, which has beendescribed in detail in uygur folklore. it is said that a long time ago, therewas a dragon in the depths of tianshan mountain, which ate only boys and local top leader was determined to kill the dragon for the people, so hesent a warrior named hala and zhuo to subdue the dragon. after a thrillingbattle, hara and zhuo beat the dragon with their swords and finally subdued thedragon. after the dragon was injured, it rotated along the mountain, and thewhole mountain was dyed red by blood. therefore, uighur people called thismountain "red mountain".

beautiful legend, profound meaning, reverie. tourists, when we stop andthink about the flame mountain, we will feel that the wonders of flame mountainare not enough, and the story of flame mountain is endless. in order to makesure that you don't have any regrets, the next time you visit the old city ofgaochang and the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik, you have to pass by the flamemountain. therefore, we can fully enjoy the wonderful scenery of the flamemountain from different directions. i hope the trip to flame mountain will leaveyou a good memory.

吐鲁番概况导游词篇五

welcome to turpan. when talking about turpan, people can't help thinking ofwang luobin, the "king of western singing". his "turpan grapes are ripe, andanaerhan's heart is drunk". the beautiful lyrics and moving melody bring us intoa picturesque realm. now let's go into turpan and feel its magic charm together!turpan's geographical characteristics → climate characteristics "the hottest,the lowest, the driest and the sweetest" are people's image description ofturpan, which also accurately summarizes turpan's geographical and climaticcharacteristics. tourists, let's first introduce the geographical location andtopographic features of turpan. turpan is located in the central part ofxinjiang uygur autonomous region, bordering hami in the east, bayinguoleng inthe west and south, 183 km from urumqi in the northwest and changji in thenorth. it is about 300 kilometers long from east to west and 240 kilometers widefrom north to south, covering an area of 64000 square kilometers, accounting for4.2% of the total area of xinjiang. the terrain is characterized by twomountains and one basin, bogda mountain and kuluktag mountain are in the northand south, and turpan basin is in the middle. there are two counties and onecity under its jurisdiction, namely dushan county, toksun county and turpancity. the total population is about 520000. the main ethnic groups are uygur,han, hui, kazak, manchu, russian and so on.

turpan basin is an olive shaped intermountain basin in the east of tianshanmountains. it is surrounded by mountains, high in the north and low in thesouth, wide in the west and narrow in the east. due to the himalayan orogenyabout 30 million years ago, a variety of geological structures and landformshave been formed. in the north there is bogda peak, which is covered with snowall the year round at an altitude of 5445 meters. in the middle there is flamingmountain, which stretches 100 kilometers from east to west. in the flamingmountain, there is a famous grape valley 7 kilometers long. the most peculiar isaiding lake, which is 154 meters below sea level. it is the lowest basin inchina and the second dead sea of jordan, which is 391 meters below sea level thesecond lowest land in the world. turpan basin integrates snow mountains, rivervalleys, sand dunes and lakes, just like a giant landscape painting, which makespeople stop and linger.

because of its unique geographical environment, turpan has become the placewith the highest temperature in summer in china. from june to august every year,the average temperature here ranges from 35 ℃ to 37 ℃, the extreme maximumtemperature reaches 49.6 ℃, and the surface temperature exceeds 70 ℃. therefore,people describe it as "a place where eggs can be baked in sand nest and bigcakes can be baked on stone slab". when our cars travel through the village, wecan also see such a novel phenomenon, that is, every family's bed is placedoutside the house, which is how the local residents spend the hot ore, it is appropriate for people to call turpan "huozhou" since ancienttimes. however, although the absolute temperature here is very high, thetemperature difference between day and night is large. in addition, there areoften strong winds in the basin. even if it is extremely hot during the day,once the sun sets and night falls, the temperature will gradually cool ally in spring and autumn, the temperature difference is more obvious,

just like two seasons, "wearing fur coat in the morning and yarn in theafternoon" is a true portrayal of the climate characteristics of turpanbasin.

turpan is dry and rainless. almost 10 months of the year, there is no rainor snow. the average annual precipitation is 16.6 mm, but the evaporation is ashigh as 3000 mm. the precipitation season is mainly in summer. the climate ofturpan basin is often described as "dry without rain" because of small rainfall,coarse raindrop and short precipitation time. as a part of precipitation,snowfall is rare in turpan basin. the average snowfall in winter is less than2mm. however, the year-round snow on bogda mountain provides endless water forthe basin. by digging the kaner well, the local people lead the melting waterfrom the snow mountain to the ground through the underground flow, irrigate thefertile land, and breed a vibrant desert oasis.

the closed basin, thin cloud cover, strong solar radiation and extremelyhigh temperature form abundant heat resources. in turpan basin, where the sky ishigh and the clouds are light, the annual sunshine hours are more than 3000hours. abundant heat resources provide an ideal environment for the growth ofthermophilic crops such as melons, fruits and cotton. for example, turpan grape,which is famous at home and abroad, has a history of more than 20__ years andhas more than 300 varieties. after testing, the sugar content of turpan grape isas high as 22% - 26%, which is higher than that of california grape (20%) withthe highest sugar content. turpan grape is the sweetest grape in the ts, after introducing the geography of turpan, let's review itshistory

turpan, known as gaochang, xizhou and huozhou in ancient times, became thepolitical, economic and cultural center of the western regions more than 20__years ago in the western han dynasty, and was a famous town on the ancient silkroad. the former state of cheshi, built by local cheshi people, once dominatedhere for a while. in the jin dynasty, it was the location of the capital of thewestern regions, where the "gaochang county" was established. after the fall ofgaochang kingdom, the tang dynasty set up "xizhou" here. in song dynasty, theuighur people moved westward and established the kingdom of gaochang. in yuanand ming dynasties, "huozhou" and "hezhou" were established. zhili hall ofturpan was set up in qing dynasty. turpan county was set up in 1913. in 1985,the county was removed and turpan city was established. turpan was also one ofthe earliest regions in xinjiang to open to the outside world. since the han andtang dynasties, foreign exchanges have been very frequent. businessmen, monksand envoys from the central plains to india, persia and the mediterranean coasthave come in an endless stream, leaving turpan with many beautiful ts, coming to turpan, seem to have read a thick historical picture. thereare the ancient cities of jiaohe and gaochang, which are full of thevicissitudes of war, the exquisite and gorgeous frescoes of bazkrik dry buddhacave, the ancient tombs of astana, which is known as the underground museum, andthe sugong pagoda, which is an ancient building with islamic style. they showpeople the historical features of different times. history has left turpan notonly ruins, but also a long culture. the folk customs here are rich andcolorful, and the people here are enthusiastic and good at singing and at night in turpan hotel grape rack, while tasting fruits, while enjoying"wheat"

the "seraph" party will definitely make you feel relaxed and ts, this is the general situation of turpan. maybe some tourists have tosay that after talking for a long time, i haven't expressed the chinese meaningof "turpan". yes, turpan is a turkic language, which means "rich and fertileplace". after listening to the translation of the name and comparing with theprevious introduction, do you have the same feeling? i hope turpan, a beautifuland rich place, can add more fun to your travel.

2 tour guide to the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik the specialgeographical location of the silk road makes xinjiang an important channel forcultural exchanges between the east and the west. therefore, religious art inxinjiang is very prosperous, and all major religions have a place here. inaddition to islam, nestorianism and manichaeism, buddhism has the mostfar-reaching influence. caves and stone carvings all over xinjiang fully provethis. today we are going to visit is located in the middle of the flame mountaingorge in the baizikrik thousand buddha cave. origin of the name → historicalstatus → general situation of the caves

bozikrik thousand buddha cave, known as "ningrong grottoes" in tangdynasty, is located in mutougou gorge of huoyan mountain, about 60 km northeastof turpan city, only 15 km south of the old city of gaochang. it is one of thelarger and famous buddhist grottoes in xinjiang. bozikrik means "hillside" inuighur and "decorative painting" in turkic.

bozikrik thousand buddha cave was first excavated in the late northern andsouthern dynasties, namely the qushi gaochang state (ad

during the seven centuries of tang, five dynasties, song and yuandynasties, it was one of the buddhist centers in the western regions. gaochanguighur period (9th-13th century a.d.) is the most prosperous period of thegrottoes. therefore, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik is considered as "themost important, the most abundant, the most complete and the most representativeart treasure house in uighur buddhist art". tourists, now we come to thethousand buddha cave scenic area. there are 83 caves and 77 existing numberedcaves. among them, there are more than 40 caves with residual murals. the totalarea of murals is 1200 square meters. it is the largest number of caves and themost abundant murals in turpan. there are various forms of grottoes, such ashorizontal top straight cave, central pillar cave, square double set cave anddome square cave, and some built temples and buddha platform in the middle ofthe grottoes.

[mural content → jiyue painting in cave 16 → hell change in cave 17 → greatlotus in cave 18 - uighur king in gaochang in cave 20 → manichaeism in cave 38 →small commemorative shadow cave in cave 82 → 83]

walking down the steps at the entrance, we can see more than a dozen cavesopen to tourists. the light in the caves is not very strong, and the mottledpictures on the inner wall of the arch can be seen faintly. each line isdepicted in detail. the ribbons of the characters are very dynamic, but many ofthe characters are incomplete, which is a pity.

the frescoes in the bozikrik grottoes mainly include the "buddha" with alarge-scale portrait of buddha as the center

the purpose of these paintings is to glorify the buddhist dharma forworshiping good men and women. from the 6th century to the 12th century, it hasalways been an important place for buddhism in gaochang kingdom. manyinscriptions in ancient huique script, chinese script and baltic script arestill preserved in the grottoes, which are valuable materials for studyingancient scripts. the architectural style and painting skills of the grottoes arealso of high research value. in 1982, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik waslisted as a national key cultural relic protection unit.

tourists, let's first visit cave 16. cave 16 was excavated in the middletang dynasty. there is a picture of jiyue in the cave. in the picture,xiaohulei, an ancient musical instrument, appeared for the first time in chinesebuddhist caves. hulei, also known as the dragon head pipa, originated fromnanzhao music of tang dynasty. it is shaped like a pear with a stick, a dragonhead with two strings, a boa skin covering the abdomen, and a sandalwood authentic products are now stored in the palace museum of beijing. next,let's look at caves 17 and 18. these two caves are the earliest in the wholegrottoes group, which were excavated in the late northern and southern dynastiesfrom the 6th to 7th century. let's first take a look at the mural "hell changes"in cave 17, which is very similar to the painting of mani's teaching aidmansion, which is rare in china. there is a big lotus flower in the center ofthe top of cave 18, which is filled with geometric patterns such as triangle andfour leaves in the middle. it is elegant and solemn, with nationalcharacteristics.

next, let's visit cave 20. the murals in the grottoes show images of theuighur king and queen of gaochang. the uighur king of gaochang was wearing alotus petal shaped crown, a round collar wide sleeve robe, a middle belt, blackboots and other daily necessities. the queen is plump, wearing a crown and a redcoat with lapels and narrow sleeves. the color of the portrait is gorgeous, thelines are smooth and the drawing is exquisite. beside the portrait is theinscription of huique. this group of murals is highly artistic and is one of therepresentative works of the whole thousand buddha cave murals. unfortunately,the original mural is on display in the berlin museum in germany, and the colorphotos on display in the cave are based on the original. the frescoes in cave 38are different from those before. they are about ancient manichaeism. there arethree trees in the frescoes behind the grottoes, under which there are manyimages of monks and nuns dressed in white and feathered people with wings, whichshow respect for manichaeism. manichaeism is a religion founded by persian mani,also known as mingjiao, which worships the god of light. from the 9th century tothe 12th century, gaochang uighur kingdom was the center of manichaeism in theworld. manichaeism once became the state religion of gaochang uighur we come to cave 82 and 83, which is under ganfo cave and beside is a small commemorative shadow cave specially built for buddhist eminentmonks during the reign of emperor gaochang in the 10th and 11th centuries a.d. apottery relic box and a gold foil wrapping paper used by buddhists wereunearthed here. the ink mark on it indicates that the gold foil shop was locatedin the south of taihelou street in hangzhou in song dynasty. this gold foilwrapping paper proves that gaochang uighur kingdom had quite close economic andtrade contacts with the song dynasty from the 11th to the 12th century.

tourists, from the murals of the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik, we cansee xinjiang buddhism

the long history of culture makes us have a deeper understanding of thebroad and profound culture of xinjiang. the past of xinjiang is brilliant, andwe believe that the future of xinjiang will be more brilliant.

吐鲁番概况导游词篇六

各位游客：

新疆的吐鲁番有两座中国现存最完全的古城遗址，1961年被列为首批全国重点文物维护单位，分辨是高昌故城和河故城，被称为吐鲁番盆地中一对作风不同的“姐妹城”。它们在阅历了多少千年的风风雨雨后，现在固然只留下断壁残垣，然而当年巍峨的城墙仍然气概恢弘，深陷的护城河轮廓仍历历在目。下面让我们带着访古探胜的心境，先去参观一下高故城吧：

高昌故城的得名→高昌王国的历史

游客们，高昌故城位于吐鲁番以东45公里处的火焰山南麓，即木头沟河的三角洲地段，这座驰誉中外的西域古都，曾先后为麴氏高昌王国和回鹘高昌王国的都城，历尽繁荣，曾是古丝绸之路的必经之地和主要门户。在前往故城的途中，我先来先容一下它的得名跟历史。

高昌故城，维吾尔语中称为“亦都护城”，也就是“王城”的意思。《北史高昌传》中称它因“地势高敞，人嫡鼎盛”而得名高昌。

据历史记录，高昌故城始建于公元前1世纪的西汉。当时称为“高昌壁”或“高昌垒”，汉、魏、晋历代都曾在此设立“戊己校尉”，治理屯田，抵抗匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元327年，前凉张骏在此设置高昌郡，首创了西域郡县制的先河。高昌建国事在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，车师国消亡，柔然破阐氏伯周为王，称其国为高昌国，从而掀开了高昌王国的序幕。南北朝时代，这里诸王争霸，但国号仍为“高昌”。公元604年，唐贞观年间，高昌王勾搭西突厥截断丝绸之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王国，将高昌改称“西州”。公元9世纪末，由漠北西迁到此的回鹘人树立了回鹘高昌国，仍臣属中原王朝，史称“西州回鹘”或“高昌回鹘”。1208年，高昌回鹘则顺成吉思汗，称“畏兀儿王国”。1283年，高昌城毁于战火，高昌回鹘王国灭亡，至此，高昌城被废。纵观高昌故城的历史演化，历经1500多年，其间由盛及衰，演绎了一部西域部族的兴亡史。

高昌故城遗址→ 高昌的对外交换→ 高昌文化

游客们，当初我们来到了高昌故城遗址。只见残破的城墙全用黄土夯成，假使登高瞻望，全城平面略呈不规矩的正方形;分内城、内城、宫城三部门。布局似唐代的长安城。外城呈正方形，周长5.4公里，城墙最高处达11.5米，城基宽12米。内城居于外城正中，周长3600米，现仅存西墙980米，南墙850米。宫城居于外城城北。请看，前方那数座高3米至4米的土台称为“可汗堡”，就是原回鹊高昌的宫廷所在地。这里挖掘出的绿色琉璃瓦、纹饰富丽的石柱础和巨幅的吹打图优美壁画，记载了故都昔日的繁华。据史书记载，鼎盛时期的能城有12个门，市内屋宇星罗棋布，有作坊、市场、庙宇和居民区等建筑，总面积为200万平方米。密集的民居和街市坊肆建筑群，风格与交河故城类似，下挖为院，掏洞为室，不必木料，为吐鲁番一奇。

汉唐以来，高昌是衔接中原、中亚、欧洲的枢纽，它既是经贸运动的集散地，又是世界宗教文明的荟萃地。当时波斯等地的商人，从他们国度带来苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、宝石和骏马来到高昌城，又从这里带走中原的丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和造纸、炸药、印刷术。与此同时，世界各地的宗教先后经高昌传入内地。当时的居民先后信仰佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活泼、最发达的处所。

高昌王国壮盛时期;还孕育了丰盛的高昌文化，成为高昌的可贵遗产。麴氏高昌王国十任国王都是汉人，因此汉文化对高昌的影响不言而喻。但高昌究竟属于杂胡地带，车师、回鹘、突厥甚至后来的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族杂居，因而当地人会数种语言，语种状态丰富而有趣。此外，高昌人的衣饰也非常讲求，并善于制造美食。闻名中外的高昌古乐，更是高昌人的自豪，它以浓郁的异域风情和丰硕的艺术语汇在汉唐时风行，被列入唐朝十部大乐之中，成为中西融会的文化珍宝。能够这样懂得，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深沉的体裁底蕴，使之成为代表西域历史的典型和标本。

讲经堂遗迹→ 唐僧玄奘与高昌

游客们，高昌故城放弃当前，被开垦为耕地，大局部地面建筑无影无踪，遗址保留较好的除城墙外，还有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就让咱们乘着“驴的”前往参观。

各位游客，请看这座大佛寺遗址，占地近1万平方米。细心察看，这座佛寺的山门、讲经堂、大殿、藏经楼、僧舍等建造布局，仍历历在目。从修建特点和残存壁画上的联珠纹图剖析，其修筑年代属麴氏高昌中期，约为隋代所建。

说起这座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘还曾到此讲过经。相传公元629年(唐贞观三年)，玄奘29岁时，为了进步佛学程度，不畏艰险，从长安动身西行，沿丝绸之路到佛国印度游学取经，历时17年。因为玄类取经起初并未得到唐朝政府的支撑，他只能夹在西域商人中出行，由于不政府发给的公文，路上还曾受到缉捕。然而玄类在战胜了重重艰苦以后，不仅从印度获得了佛经，而且返回故乡，著书立说，改正了海内僧侣对佛经种.种不准确的说明，成为最具名誉的一代高僧。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇七

各位游客：

新疆是我国最大的葡萄产区，也是我国栽培葡萄的发源地。据调查，新疆葡萄共有50多个品种。尤其在吐鲁番，到处种植着葡萄，占全疆葡萄种植面积的90%以上，简直成了“葡萄的王国”。吐鲁番的葡萄勾起了我们无限遐想。在新疆各族人民中传唱的“吐鲁番的葡萄熟了，阿娜尔罕的心儿醉了”的美妙歌词，就充分表达了人们对葡萄的赞美之情。葡萄被人们誉为“珍珠和玛瑙”，成了新疆“瓜果之乡”的象征。下面就让我们前往吐鲁番最美丽的地方葡萄沟，去体会一下阿娜尔罕陶醉的心情吧!

游客们，我们的汽车行驶在火焰山旁，山的西端就是葡萄沟。

葡萄沟是火焰山山脉中一块呈南北走向的河谷地，全长7公里，最宽处约2公里。其间布满了葡萄园，居住着维吾尔、回、汉等民族的果农。倘若您走进葡萄沟，就会看到源于天山的人民渠水穿谷而过，树木繁茂，空气湿润，气候凉爽宜人，与炽热的火焰山形成了鲜明的反差。举目望火山，低头看绿地，真不愧是炎夏避暑的好地方。

葡萄园→无核白葡萄→葡萄干晾房 我们现在来到了葡萄园内，只见这里的葡萄似遮天的绿云、铺地的绿毯，片片相接，架架相连，绿阴蔽日，硕果累累。 葡萄沟内的葡萄园占地约400多公顷，主要品种有无核白葡萄和马奶子葡萄，还有玫瑰红、喀什哈尔、比夹干、黑葡萄、索 索葡萄等。此外，还有从国外引进的京早晶、艾麦纳、无核紫、无核红、玫瑰香等优良葡萄品种。其果形各异，有球形、卵形、圆柱形、椭圆形等，有的鲜艳似玛瑙，有的晶莹如珍珠，而有的碧绿若翡翠。这里年产葡萄逾6000吨，晾制葡萄干300余吨，堪称是“世界葡萄植物园”。

新疆葡萄中的佼佼者是无核白葡萄，葡萄沟内就普遍种植着这种葡萄。瞧!那一串串挂在葡萄架上的果粒椭圆、果呈浅黄绿色的“绿色珍珠”就是无核白。它皮薄肉脆，汁多味甜，鲜果含糖量达24%以上，超过了美国加利福尼亚州葡萄的含糖量，成为世界上最甜的葡萄。由于它没有籽，最适合晾制葡萄干，晾干后其含糖量可达75%以上，并含有蛋白质、有机酸等多种养分，是营养丰富的干果佳品。晶莹如玉的无核白葡萄干，色泽碧绿鲜艳，食之酸甜可口，被称为“中国绿珍珠”。

葡萄沟中栽培面积居第二位的是马奶子葡萄，它果粒呈长柱形或纺锤形，果皮薄而韧，汁多而肉质松脆，没有香味，但特别甜。值得一提的是，吐鲁番盆地由于具有地势低洼、气温高、降水少、太阳辐射强等独的自然条件，因此所有葡萄都没有病虫害，更不需喷洒农药，从而使新疆葡萄干这一品牌名扬海内外，成为难得的天然无毒果品。

游客们，漫步在绿色长廊之中，望着这诱人的葡萄，真是无比地惬意! 刚才有的游客问道：葡萄干是怎样制成的?瞧!前方那平顶、长方形、土木结构的小房子就是专门为晾制葡萄干而盖的晾房。晾房墙壁是由土块砌成的有孔花墙，长方形的小孔主要起到自由通风的作用。晾房的门多设在北边或东边，这样一方面可减少阳光的射入，另一方面在运输葡萄时，如晾房一 时容纳不下，可暂时放在晾房外北墙边，数小时内不会被阳光照到，制干后的品质不变。在吐鲁番，这样的晾房随处可见，但多数建造在山坡高处或沟岸上地形开阔平坦、通风和干燥等条件良好的地方。说到这里，游客们或许已经明白了吐鲁番的葡萄干制作方法也有独特之处，它既不同于其他国家利用阳光曝晒，也不是利用人工加温烘干，而完全是凭借干燥温暖的气候自然风干的。这样完全保存了葡萄果实中的叶绿素，使葡萄呈干绿色，这在世界年产约印万吨的葡萄干中，也可算是一种独占望头的佳品了。

吐鲁番除了葡萄干外，葡萄酒也非常有名，色香味俱佳， 而且酿制历史十分悠久，唐代诗人王翰曾有诗赞道：“葡萄美洒夜光杯，欲饮琵琶马上催。醉卧沙场君莫笑，古来征战几人回。”诗人的名句，将葡萄美酒的神韵与驰骋疆场的将军的豪迈气概描述得出神入化。

游客们，现在我们来到了葡萄沟的北部，前面一块大理石碑上写着“葡萄沟”三字，这是前人大会委员长彭真同志的手迹，大家可在此摄影留念。

这里流水潺潺，葡萄满架。我们漫步在葡萄长廊，宛若畅游江南园林，浑然不知身处烈日炎炎的火焰山中。穿过石桥，置身在葡萄王国中，只见悬崖绝壁的砂砾层中渗出的泉水，汇流成池，池中游鱼，仿佛也和游人一样，怡然自乐，鱼乐人亦乐，泉清心更清。

游客们，现在我们在葡萄沟长廊下憩息片刻，大家围坐一起，一边欣赏周围的景观，一边品尝色彩各异、大小有别、味道不同的各种现摘葡萄和瓜果，尽情地过把吃葡萄瘾。顺便介绍一下，从1990年开始，每年的8月20日至26 日，“中国丝绸之路吐鲁番葡萄节”都要在吐鲁番隆重举行。 吐鲁番的葡萄已突破了自身的界限，成为一种文化交流的桥梁和经济贸易往来的纽带。

旅游区内还有葡萄博物馆、葡萄酒品尝点、民俗馆等其他参观设施，以及维吾尔族民乐表演，休息片刻后我们再去参观欣赏。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇八

高昌故城遗址坐落在吐鲁番市东面约四十公里的哈拉和卓乡所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木头沟沟口(胜金口)约6.5公里，东距鄯善县城约55公里，属吐鲁番文物局管辖。它是古丝绸之路的必经之地和重要门户。高昌故城的维吾尔语称亦都护城，即"王城"之意，因为此城为高昌回鹘王国的都城，故名。

1961年被国务院公布为全国重点文保护单位。被誉为“长安远在西域的翻版”曾经有一位考古学家这样说“如果想知道盛唐时的长安城是什么样，就来吐鲁番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐时长安远在西域的翻版”时光已逝千年，但当时的繁盛仍依稀可见。

高昌故城奠基于公元前一世纪，是西汉王朝在车师前国境内的屯田部队所建。《汉书》中最早提到了“高昌壁”。《北史•西域传》记载：“昔汉武遣兵西讨，师旅顿敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地势高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。汉、魏、晋历代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被称为“戊己校尉城”。

公元320xx年，前凉张骏在此“置高昌郡，立田地县”(《初学记》卷八引顾野三《舆地志》)。继之又先后为河西走廊的前奏、后凉、西凉、北凉所管辖。442年，北凉残余势力在沮渠无讳率领下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政权。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，灭车师前国，吐鲁番盆地政治、经济、文化的中心遂由交河城完全转移到高昌城。460年，柔然人杀北凉王安周，“以阚伯周为高昌王。高昌之称王自此始也”(《周书。高昌传》)。

此后张、马、麴氏在高昌相继称王，其中以麴氏高昌统治时间最长，达一百四十余年(499-640)。

这些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的册封。麴伯雅还曾到隋朝长安朝觐，并娶隋华容公主为妻。

640年，唐吏部尚书侯君集带兵统一了高昌，在此置西州，下辖高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五县。由侯君集所得高昌国户籍档案统计，当时有人口三万七千。

八世纪末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占据了高昌。

九世纪中叶以后，漠北草原回鹘汗国衰亡后，西迁的部分余众攻下高昌，在此建立了回鹘高昌国。其疆域最盛时包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龟兹二都督府之地。此外还统有分布在罗布淖一带的众熨及其它一些别的民族或部落，地域范围远远超过了今吐鲁番盆地。1220xx年，高昌回鹘臣附蒙古，成吉思汗赐回鹘高昌王为自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。

十三世纪以后，天山以北广大地区的西北蒙古游牧贵族以海都、都哇为首发动叛乱，坚持“仍旧要生活在草原上，不能到城市地区去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣属于元朝的回鹘高昌国，1275年一次出兵十二万围攻火州(高昌)达半年之久，后来亦都护(高昌王号)火赤哈尔的斤终于战死在同海都、都哇的战争中。这场战火延续四十余年之久，高昌城在战乱中被毁。

元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗册封继承高王位的火赤哈尔的斤的儿子纽林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“领兵火州，复立畏兀儿城池”(《元史•巴而术阿尔忒的斤传》)。由于高昌城在战火中毁坏过甚，这次重建的火州城已不在高昌旧址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝统治瓦解后，火洲部割据处称“地面”，故《明史》称：“火州……东有荒城，即高昌国都”。

登高眺望，全程平面略呈不规则的正方形，布局可以分为外城、内城和宫城三部分。城垣保存较完整。

外城略呈方形，周长约五公里，占地面二百万平方米。城墙为夯筑，墙基厚约12米，高11.5米，周长约5公里;夯土筑成，夯层厚8-12厘米，间杂少量的土坯，有清楚地夹棍眼;城垣外侧有突出的垛台一“马面”建筑。

高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一万平方米，由大门、庭院、讲经堂、藏经楼、大殿、僧房等组成。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图案分析，其建筑年代约在公元六世纪。寺院附近还残存一些“坊”、“市”遗址，可能是小手工业者的作坊和商业市场。外城的东南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多边形的塔和一个礼拜窟(支提窟)，是城内唯一保存有较好壁画的地方。从壁画的风格和塔的造型分析，为回鹘高昌后期(公元12-13世纪)的建筑。

内城北部正中有一平面不规则略呈正方形的小堡垒，当地叫“可汗堡”。堡内北面的高台上有一高达十五米的夯筑方形塔状建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下双层建筑物，现仅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有宽大的阶梯式门道供出入，规模虽不大，但与交河故城现存唐代最豪华的一所官署衙门建筑形式相同，可能是一宫殿遗址。解放前，一支德国考察队曾在堡内东南角盗掘出一方“北凉承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政权的北凉王，据该碑推断，此堡可能是当时的宫城，并有王室寺院。

北部的宫城内留存许多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高达四层的宫殿建筑遗址。

高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在这里。整个墓群从城东北一直延伸到城西北，东西长约五公里，南北宽两公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世纪初以来，在这里发掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文书、丝毛棉麻织物、墓志、钱币、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、绘画、农作物、瓜果食品等各种历史文物，数以万计。

实地考察，证之文献资料，高昌郡时期高昌城已经有了现存的内城。外城墙是麴氏高昌时期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的属于这一时期的文书中有“北坊中城”、“东南坊”、“西南坊”等记载，说明当时此城已经有中、外之分，东、南、西、北之别。见于文书中的城门有青阳门、建阳门、玄德门、武城门、金章门、金福门等。敦煌莫高窟藏经洞发现的《西州图经》中记：“圣人塔，在子城东北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宫城在今“可汗堡”内。麴氏高昌时期随着外城的修建，宫城遂迁移到北部，南面而王，与隋唐时长安城的布局相似。回鹘高昌时期宫城内又曾大兴土木。

汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原中亚、欧洲的枢纽。经贸活动十分活跃，世界各地的宗教先后经由高昌传入内地，毫不夸张的说，它是世界古代宗教最活跃最发达的地方，也是世界宗教文化荟萃的宝地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，为了提高佛教学水平，不畏杀身之祸，于公元620xx年偷偷离开长安，出玉门，经高昌，沿丝绸中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度诸国，历时20xx年。在高昌，玄奘诵经讲佛，与高昌王拜为兄弟，留下一段千古佳话。

高昌故城自公元前一世纪建高昌壁，到十三世纪废弃，使用了一千三百多年。始建时间距今已有两千多年了。它是吐鲁番地区千年沧桑的见证。

1988年被列为国家级重点文物保护单位。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇九

各位游客：

新疆的吐鲁番有两座中国现存最完整的古城遗址，1961年被列为首批全国重点文物保护单位，分别是高昌故城和河故城，被称为吐鲁番盆地中一对风格不同的“姐妹城”。它们在经历了几千年的风风雨雨后，如今虽然只留下断壁残垣，然而当年高耸的城墙依然气势恢弘，深陷的护城河轮廓仍历历在目。下面让我们带着访古探胜的心情，先去参观一下高故城吧：

高昌故城的得名→高昌王国的历史

游客们，高昌故城位于吐鲁番以东45公里处的火焰山南麓，即木头沟河的三角洲地段，这座驰名中外的西域古都，曾先后为麴氏高昌王国和回鹘高昌王国的都城，历尽繁华，曾是古丝绸之路的必经之地和重要门户。在前往故城的途中，我先来介绍一下它的得名和历史。

高昌故城，维吾尔语中称为“亦都护城”，也就是“王城”的意思。《北史•高昌传》中称它因“地势高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。

据历史记载，高昌故城始建于公元前1世纪的西汉。当时称为“高昌壁”或“高昌垒”，汉、魏、晋历代都曾在此设立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元320xx年，前凉张骏在此设置高昌郡，开创了西域郡县制的先河。高昌建国是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，车师国灭亡，柔然立阐氏伯周为王，称其国为高昌国，从而掀开了高昌王国的序幕。南北朝时期，这里诸王争霸，但国号仍为“高昌”。公元620xx年，唐贞观年间，高昌王勾结西突厥截断丝绸之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王国，将高昌改称“西州”。公元9世纪末，由漠北西迁到此的回鹘人建立了回鹘高昌国，仍臣属中原王朝，史称“西州回鹘”或“高昌回鹘”。1220xx年，高昌回鹘则顺成吉思汗，称“畏兀儿王国”。1283年，高昌城毁于战火，高昌回鹘王国灭亡，至此，高昌城被废。 纵观高昌故城的历史演变，历经1500多年，其间由盛及衰，演绎了一部西域部族的兴亡史。

高昌故城遗址→高昌的对外交流→高昌文化

游客们，现在我们来到了高昌故城遗址。只见残破的城墙全用黄土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不规则的正方形;分外城、内城、宫城三部分。布局似唐代的长安城。外城呈正方形，周长5.4公里，城墙最高处达11.5米，城基宽12米。内城居于外城正中，周长3600米，现仅存西墙980米，南墙850米。宫城居于外城城北。请看，前方那数座高3米至4米的土台称为“可汗堡”，就是原回鹊高昌的宫廷所在地。这里发掘出的绿色琉璃瓦、纹饰华丽的石柱础和巨幅的奏乐图精美壁画，记录了故都昔日的繁华。据史书记载，鼎盛时期的能城有12个门，市内房屋鳞次栉比，有作坊、市场、庙宇和居民区等建筑，总面积为200万平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，风格与交河故城相似，下挖为院，掏洞为室，不用木料，为吐鲁番一奇。

汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原、中亚、欧洲的枢纽，它既是经贸活动的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的荟萃地。当时波斯等 地的商人，从他们国家带来苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、宝石和骏马来到高昌城，又从这里带走中原的丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和造纸、火药、印刷术。与此同时，世界各地的宗教先后经高昌传入内地。当时的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活跃、最发达的地方。

高昌王国鼎盛时期;还孕育了丰富的高昌文化，成为高昌的珍贵遗产。麴氏高昌王国十任国王都是汉人，因此汉文化对高昌的影响显而易见。但高昌毕竟属于杂胡地带，车师、回鹘、突厥以至后来的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族杂居，因此当地人会数种语言，语种形态丰富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服饰也十分讲究，并擅长制作美食。驰名中外的高昌古乐，更是高昌人的骄傲，它以浓烈的异域风情和丰富的艺术语汇在汉唐时流行，被列入唐朝十部大乐之中，成为中西融合的文化瑰宝。可以这样理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文体底蕴，使之成为代表西域历史的典范和标本。

讲经堂遗址→唐僧玄奘与高昌

游客们，高昌故城废弃以后，被开垦为耕地，大部分地面建筑荡然无存，遗址保存较好的除城墙外，还有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就让我们乘着“驴的”前往参观。

各位游客，请看这座大佛寺遗址，占地近1万平方米。仔细观察，这座佛寺的山门、讲经堂、大殿、藏经楼、僧舍等建筑布局，仍历历在目。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图分析，其建筑年代属麴氏高昌中期，约为隋代所建。

说起这座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘还曾到此讲过经。相传公元620xx年(唐贞观三年)，玄奘29岁时，为了提高佛学水平，不畏艰险，从长安出发西行，沿丝绸之路到佛国印度游学取经，历时20xx年。由于玄类取经起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夹在西域商人中出行，因为没有政府发给的公文，路上还曾受到缉拿。然而玄类在克服了重重困难以后，不仅从印度取得了佛经，而且返回故土，著书立说，纠正了国内僧侣对佛经种种不正确的解释，成为最具声望的一代高僧。

回国后，玄奘的境遇与出国前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重视，唐高宗李治在为纪念母亲而建的慈恩寺内造了一座大雁塔，专门用来供放玄奘带回来的历7部佛经。玄奘在西行路上，途经伊吾(今哈密)，当高昌王麴文泰得知东土大唐不远万里来了一位求法的高僧时，便派人把玄类请来，专门安排在王宫内居住，与玄奘结为兄弟。他还苦口婆心地劝说玄奘留在高昌当“国师”，但不能动摇玄类西行探求真经的坚志大愿。高昌王无奈，只好请玄类讲经一月后再走。

临行前，高昌王为玄奘写了24封致西域各国的通行文书，还赠送了马匹和25名仆役。出发那天，全城夹道相送，高昌王鞠义泰抱住大师失声励哭，亲自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜别。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事为我们留下了一段舌古佳话，以致吴承恩的神话小说《西游记》中就有以火焰山等为场景而衍化出的美丽传奇。

各位游客，高昌故城的参观即将结束了。望着这屡经岁月剥蚀的故城，在领略它的古老、苍茫和凝重之余，您还将作何观感呢?“曾经的辉煌将永远让人铭记”，或许这就是历史给我们的启迪吧!

吐鲁番概况导游词篇十

dear tourists

xinjiang is the largest grape producing area in china, and also thebirthplace of grape cultivation in china. according to the survey, there aremore than 50 grape varieties in xinjiang. especially in turpan, grapes areplanted everywhere, accounting for more than 90% of the total grape plantingarea in xinjiang, making it a "kingdom of grapes". the grape of turpan evokesour infinite reverie. the wonderful lyrics of "the grapes in turpan are ripe,and anaerhan's heart is drunk" sung among people of all ethnic groups inxinjiang fully express people's admiration for grapes. grape is known as "pearland agate" and has become the symbol of "hometown of melons and fruits" inxinjiang. now let's go to the most beautiful place in turpan, grape valley, toexperience anaerhan's intoxicated mood!

tourists, our car is driving by the flame mountain, and the west end of themountain is the grape valley.

putaogou is a north-south river valley in huoyanshan mountains, with atotal length of 7 km and a maximum width of 2 km. it is full of vineyards,inhabited by uygur, hui, han and other ethnic fruit farmers. if you walk intothe grape valley, you will see the people's canal from tianshan mountain. thewater passes through the valley. the trees are luxuriant, the air is humid, andthe climate is cool and pleasant, which is in sharp contrast to the blazingflame mountain. looking up at the volcano and looking down at the green space,it is really a good place for summer.

vineyard → seedless grapes → raisin drying room now we come to thevineyard. the grapes here are like the green clouds covering the sky and thegreen carpet covering the ground. they are connected by pieces, and the greenshade covers the sun. they are fruitful. the vineyard in the grapevine valleycovers an area of more than 400 hectares. the main varieties are seedless whitegrape, maruki grape, rose red, kashhar, bijiagan, black grape, soso grape, addition, jingzaojing, aimina, seedless purple, seedless red, rose fragranceand other excellent grape varieties are introduced from abroad. its fruit shapeis different, there are spherical, oval, cylindrical, oval, some bright likeagate, some crystal like pearls, and some green as jade. with an annual outputof more than 6000 tons of grapes and more than 300 tons of raisins, it can becalled the "world vineyard".

the outstanding grape in xinjiang is seedless white grape, which is widelyplanted in grape valley. look! the "green pearls" with oval fruit grains andlight yellow green fruit hanging on the grape trellis are seedless. it has thinskin, crisp meat, juicy and sweet taste. the sugar content of the fresh fruit ismore than 24%, which exceeds the sugar content of california grape in the unitedstates and becomes the sweetest grape in the world. because it has no seeds, itis most suitable for drying raisins. after drying, it contains more than 75%sugar, protein, organic acid and other nutrients. it is a good dry fruit withrich nutrition. the seedless raisins, which are crystal clear and jade like, aregreen and bright in color, sweet and sour to eat, and are known as "china greenpearl".

the second largest cultivated area in the grape ditch is maruzi grape. itsfruit is long columnar or spindle shaped, with thin and tough skin, juicy andcrisp flesh, no fragrance, but especially sweet. it is worth mentioning that dueto the unique natural conditions such as low-lying, high temperature, lessprecipitation and strong solar radiation, all grapes in turpan basin are free ofdiseases and pests, let alone spraying pesticides. as a result, xinjiang raisinis famous at home and abroad, becoming a rare natural non-toxic fruit.

tourists, walking in the green corridor, looking at the attractive grapes,it's really very comfortable! just now some tourists asked: how are raisinsmade? look! the flat topped, rectangular, civil structure house in front of usis a drying room specially built for drying raisins. the wall of drying room isa perforated wall made of soil blocks, and the rectangular holes mainly play therole of free ventilation. the door of the drying room is mostly located in thenorth or east, which can reduce the sunlight on the one hand, and on the otherhand, when transporting grapes, if the drying room can't hold for a while, itcan be temporarily placed on the north wall outside the drying room, so that itwon't be exposed to the sunlight for several hours, and the quality of the driedgrapes will not change. in turpan, such air drying houses can be seeneverywhere, but most of them are built on the hillside or on the bank of ditch,where the terrain is open, flat, well ventilated and dry. at this point,tourists may have understood that the method of making raisins in turpan isunique. it is not only different from other countries that use the sun to exposethemselves to the sun, but also not use artificial heating and drying. instead,it is completely dried by the dry and warm climate. in this way, the chlorophyllin the grape fruit is completely preserved, and the grape turns dry green. amongthe raisins with an annual output of about ten thousand tons in the world, itcan also be regarded as an exclusive product.

in addition to raisins, turpan wine is also very famous for its good color,aroma and long brewing history. wang han, a poet of tang dynasty, once wrote apoem praising: "the wine is beautiful, sprinkle the luminous cup. if you want todrink pipa, you will be urged immediately. don't laugh when you are drunk on thebattlefield. how many people have fought in the past the poet's famous linesdescribe the charm of grape wine and the heroic spirit of the general gallopingon the battlefield.

tourists, now we are in the north of putaogou. on a marble tablet in frontof us is written "putaogou" 3. this is the handwriting of peng zhen, formerchairman of the standing committee of the national people's congress. you cantake photos here.

here the water is gurgling and the grape stands are full. we stroll in thegrape corridor, just like enjoying the gardens in the south of the yangtzeriver. we don't know that we are in the flaming mountain in the scorching h the stone bridge and in the grape kingdom, you can see the spring waterseeping from the gravel layer of the cliff, converging into a pool. the fish inthe pool seem to be as happy as the tourists. the fish are happy, the people arehappy, and the spring is clearer.

tourists, now we have a rest in the corridor of grape valley. we all sitaround and enjoy the surrounding landscape. we also taste all kinds of freshgrapes and fruits with different colors, sizes and tastes. we are addicted toeating grapes. by the way, since 1990, the "china silk road turpan grapefestival" has been held in turpan from august 20 to 26 every year. grape inturpan has broken through its own boundaries and become a bridge of culturalexchanges and a link of economic and trade exchanges.

there are also grape museum, wine tasting point, folk museum and othervisiting facilities in the tourist area, as well as uygur folk musicperformances. we will visit them after a short rest.

吐鲁番概况导游词篇十一

各位游客：

众所周知，全国最热点的地方是吐鲁番，而吐鲁番最热的是方当推火焰山。荒山秃岭、寸草不生的火焰山，夏季最高气温达47.8℃以上。每当盛夏，红日当头，地气蒸腾，烟云缭绕，十分壮观。

火焰山的得名→山体特色

游客们，透过车窗，我们看到前方那座东西，犹如火龙横卧在吐鲁番盆地中央的赫红色山体就是焰山。

火焰山的得名，主要源于其外观形态。瞧!火焰山基岩裸露，赤褐色的砂岩在烈日的照耀下灼灼发光，炽热的气流滚滚上升，宛如万道烈焰熊熊燃烧，“火焰山”之名，即由此而来，火焰山在古书上称为赤石山，维吾尔语中称它为“克孜勒塔格”，意思是红山。唐代诗人岑参次经过火焰山，写下了“火山突兀赤亭口，火山五月火云厚。火山满山凝未开，飞鸟千里。不敢来”的诗句。明代旅行家陈诚也曾写诗描述道：“一片青烟一片红，炎炎气焰欲烧空。春光末半浑如夏，谁道西方有祝融。”可以称得上是对火焰山的生动写照。

火焰山的山体呈东西走向的狭长状，全长98公里，南北宽9公里。一般高度500米左右，最高峰为831.7米。别看火焰山外表寸草不生，由于地壳运动断裂与河水切割，在山体处，却隐藏着许多道浓阴蔽日、田园如画的沟坎峡谷，著名有葡萄沟、吐峪沟、桃儿沟、木头沟、胜金口峡谷等。在这些谷中，溪涧萦回，瓜果飘香，花木葱茏，景色迷人，俨然一派“火洲”中的“花果坞”景象。

火焰山的形成→最佳观察点胜金口

或许有的游客会问：火焰山是怎样形成的?距今已有多少年的历史了?对这两个问题的回答要追溯到1.4亿年前，当时由于天山东部博格达山坡前山带出现短小的褶皱，地壳发生变化，喜马拉雅造山运动后，逐渐形成了山脉的雏形。此后历了漫长的地质岁月，跨越了侏罗纪、白垩纪和第三纪几个地质年代，加上特殊的气候环境，就呈现出如今的地质形状。

游客们，前面就是观察火焰山构造的最佳位置胜金口，请各位下车，在有“火焰山”标志的石座前摄影留念，然后再听我讲解。

胜金口西距吐鲁番市30公里，连接新疆与内地的312国道，依傍木头沟河横切火焰山而过。胜金口山势险峻，自古以来就是兵家必争之地。关于胜金口的名字，还有这么一段来历：从前当地的老百姓把胜金口叫做“渗尽口”，那是因为木头沟河水流出天山后，越来越少，到了胜金口一带的戈壁滩，河水几乎渗得干干净净，因此称它为“渗尽口”。后来人们觉得这个名字不太吉利，便取其谐音改名为“胜金口”，于是一直沿用至今。

火焰山的故事：《西游记》神话→维吾尔民间传说游客们，火焰山的得名，不仅由于它独特的外观构造，其充满传奇色彩的神话故事也给它披上了一层神秘的面纱。

《西游记》唐僧师徒西天取经受阻火焰山，孙悟空智斗铁扇公主的故事就是其中之一。《西游记》第五十九回和第六十回“唐三藏路阻火焰山，孙行者三调芭蕉扇”中写道：“西方路上有个斯哈哩国，乃日落之处，俗呼‘天尽头’。这里有座火焰山，无春无秋，四季皆热。那火焰山有八百里火焰，四周围寸草不生。若过得山，就是铜脑壳，铁身躯，也要化成汁哩。”这段描述虽系夸张，但四季皆热、寸草不生这些基本特征，与火焰山的实际状况完全吻合，可见作者不是凭空臆造的。

在老百姓的眼里，善是最高的美，因而发生在火焰山的故事结局仍是正义必将战胜邪恶，这在维吾尔族民间传说中有了详尽的表述。相传在很早以前，天山深处有条恶龙，专吃童男童女，为此人们惶恐不安。当地的最高首领决心为民除害，屠杀恶龙，于是派一位名叫哈拉和卓的勇士去降伏恶龙。经过一番惊心动魄的激战，哈拉和卓挥剑力劈恶龙，终于将恶龙制服，恶龙受伤后沿山旋转，整座山脉被鲜血染成了红色，因此，维吾尔人便把此山叫做“红山”。

美好的传说，深刻的含义，令人遐想。游客们，当我们面对火焰山，停步仁立，凝思遥想，一定会觉得火焰山的奇景赏不够，火焰山的故事听不完。为使大家不留下遗憾，接下去游览高昌故城、柏孜克里克千佛洞等景点，都要从火焰山旁经过，因此我们可以从不同方位充分观赏到火焰山的奇姿异彩。但愿火焰山之行能给您留下美好的回忆。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇十二

高昌故城为1961年3月4日国务院公布的第一批全国重点文物保护单位。

高昌故城位于新疆维吾尔自治区吐鲁番市东面40公里的火焰山脚下，是新疆境内最大的一座历史文化名城。

高昌城滥觞于西汉时期的屯垦戍堡，从军事据点发展为郡县级城市和地方政权的都城(间或为中央政权辖属的州县)，大致经历了高昌壁、高昌郡城、高昌国都、唐西州城、回鹘高昌及高昌回鹘国都五个历史时期。至明初城址废弃，历经1400余年。公元前48年，西汉政府始于吐鲁番“置戊己校尉，使屯田车师故地”，于高昌设据点，称“高昌壁”。东汉安帝延光二年(公元120xx年)，改名为“高昌垒”，隶属凉州敦煌郡。公元320xx年西晋亡后，高昌为前凉领地。建兴十五年(东晋咸和二年，公元320xx年)，在该地设高昌郡。公元376年之后，高昌先后隶属于十六国的前秦、后凉、段氏北凉、西凉、沮渠氏北凉政权。公元442年9月，沮渠氏北凉政权统一了高昌地区，据高昌为政治中心。公元460年，高昌独立建国，高昌城正式成为国都。公元640年，唐灭高昌国，以其地置西州，高昌为西州治所，同时亦为高昌县治所。公元792年，西州陷于吐蕃。公元866年，北庭回鹘首领仆固俊攻占西州并在其地立国建都，史称“西州回鹘”或“高昌回鹘”。公元十二世纪时，高昌回鹘一度处在西辽统治定;十三世纪初又成为元朝附庸国。公元1283年前后，高昌回鹘王室被元朝东迁至甘肃永昌，亦都护高昌王名义上仍保持对高昌地区的统领权，但高昌城从此逐渐失去了政治经济中心的地位。公元1383年，黑的儿火者即位为别失八里察合台汗，率军对吐鲁番地区进行“圣战”，强迫当地居民信奉伊斯兰教，高昌城因此毁于战火。

高昌故城现存有外城、内城和宫城三部分城墙的遗址。

外城城墙：平面轮廓呈不规则方形。周长约5440米(北墙1320米、西墙1370米、南墙1420米、东墙1320米)，围合面积198公顷(以城墙外缘计)。各面城墙保存状况不一，约有一半以上的墙体残损严重，墙体普遍存在裂隙。墙体大多残缺，可见多次修补贴筑痕迹，上部多处以土坯补砌。残存的墙基厚9～12米，墙体最高约达10余米。墙体以夯土筑成，夯层厚8～12厘米，留有上下数层絍木孔，孔内衬土坯，呈方孔状。墙体外附墩台、马面，做法与城墙相同。

内城城墙：东墙缺失;西墙北段仅存数段残墙;南段有墩台状遗址，残高约8米，占地面积2500平方米。墙体掏挖、穿行现象严重;南墙西段残缺，中段与东段仅余缺损严重的墙体残段;北墙残存西端及中段，周长约3420米，围合面积约80公顷;残存的墙基厚10～11米，高度不等。墙体夯土筑成，可见上下数层絍木孔痕迹。墙体残损严重，表面普遍存在裂隙。

宫城城墙：现状仅存南、北、西三面，东墙缺失，规模不详。墙体均为夯土，可见絍木孔痕迹，残高6～8米。

高昌故城遗址座落在吐鲁番盆地北缘与火焰山南麓戈壁滩接壤的冲积平原地带，周围地势平展。气候属于典型的大陆性暖温带荒漠气候，日照充足，热量丰富，降水稀少，极端干燥。全年平均气温14.1℃;年平均日照3049.5小时;高温期长;温差大，平均温差14～15℃; 极端最高气温47.7℃;无霜期在220天左右;年降水16.6毫米，蒸发量在2800毫米以上，空气湿度30%左右。

吐鲁番概况导游词篇十三

dear tourists

when you come to turpan, people can't help but ask: how can there be largeoases in places with extremely dry climate, known as "huozhou" and "fengku"?what's the secret? the secret is the karez group distributed in xinjiang, whichis like the blood of human body, extending to the vast gobi and irrigating alarge area of xinjiang. the wonderful karez is also the most widely distributedin turpan, becoming the spring of life and the source of evergreen, wateringturpan's verdant grapes and sweet melons. now let's visit this world-famousirrigation project.

structure of karez → construction method of karez

tourists, now we come to karez paradise. first of all, please follow me tokarez museum to learn about the construction of karez.

karez is a kind of underground water spanersion project created by theworking people of all ethnic groups living in xinjiang according to the localclimate and hydrological characteristics. there are about 1600 karez inxinjiang, among which turpan is the most concentrated. according to statistics,there are 1158 karez in turpan, with a total length of about 5000 km, which isequivalent to the mileage from urumqi to harbin. karez is one of the greatestunderground water conservancy projects in ancient china. it is called"underground canal" by experts in geography. together with the great wall andbeijing hangzhou grand canal, it is called the three major projects in ancientchina.

you may have heard about karez, but its structure may not be very i'll introduce it to you. karez was called "jingqu" in ancient times, whichmeans "jingxue". it is composed of four parts: vertical shaft, undergroundchannel, open channel and waterlogging dam.

the reason why a large number of karez were built in turpan is inseparablefrom the natural conditions here. first of all, the terrain of turpan basin isvery low, with an area of 2085 square kilometers below sea level. turpan issurrounded by mountains. every year, a large amount of snow on the mountainsmelts and flows into the valley. when the snow water flows through the gobi, itseeps into the ground to form a subsurface flow, which provides a rich source ofwater for karez.

then how is the karez built? please see: the construction method of karezis to find the water source at the snow water undercurrent in the high mountainsand valleys, and then drill a vertical shaft every 20 to 30 meters, the depth ofthe shaft varies from 10 to tens of meters, to gather the groundwater toincrease the water potential, and then according to the terrain, dig anunderground channel at the bottom of the shaft to connect with each well, drainit straight down, and connect it to a distant place oasis, water will be led outfrom the open channel to the ground for irrigation. waterlogging dam is areservoir for regulating water quantity. a karez is generally about 3 km long,and the longest one is usually several karez connected for tens or even hundredsof kilometers, in which there are at least dozens of shafts and more than 300shafts. the shaft in the upstream is relatively deep, up to 100 meters in somecases, and the shaft in the downstream is relatively shallow, generally only afew meters. the function of karez is to avoid water evaporation. this project isa great innovation to adapt to the characteristics of dry climate. what isparticularly praiseworthy is that the local people rely on their hands andsimple tools to dig deep wells and underground canals. the vastness of theproject and the ingenious structure are amazing.

i would like you to recall that when we drove near turpan city, we couldsee piles of round earth bags down the slope on the gobi outside the lush oasis,extending to the oasis in an orderly way. those are the vertical wellheads ofkarez. if you look down from high altitude, those mounds are like necklaces tiedwith pearls, decorating turpan, an ancient but still youthful place.

reasons for the construction of karez → origin of karez tour guide ofxinjiang general situation tour guide of putaogou in turpan tour guide of niyasite

now let's talk about the reasons for the construction of karez. due to thedrought and less rain in xinjiang, the amount of evaporation is large, and thekarez is an underground channel for water delivery, with small evaporation andstable flow, which can be irrigated by gravity all the year round. in addition,the soil here is calcareous clay, so the dug karez is very solid and not easy tocollapse. the temperature of snow water in high mountains is very low, if directirrigation is unfavorable to the growth of crops, while the surface temperaturein turpan is very high, the temperature rises naturally after snow water flowsthrough karez, which is very suitable for watering crops. therefore, in thelong-term struggle against drought, people of all ethnic groups in xinjianginvented this method of digging wells and irrigating fields. a karez is a freshspring that is not dry. it forms the lifeline and lifeline of huozhou, whichmakes xinjiang, a place with little rainfall, accumulate water and become anindispensable spring of life in xinjiang people's life.

there are always three theories about the origin of turpan karez: one isthe theory of guanzhong well canal in han dynasty. this view holds that the"well canal method" invented by people in han dynasty was introduced intoxinjiang and developed into karez now. the second is related to lin zexu. afterlin zexu was exiled to xinjiang in the late qing dynasty, he went through turpanin 1845 and found that it was hot and rainy. so he carefully checked the terrainand water sources, and guided the people of xinjiang to invent this method ofdigging wells and irrigating fields according to their own geographicalcharacteristics. the third view is that karez was first created by the persiansin western asia 2500 years ago and later passed down to xinjiang. of course,these three views need to be verified.

but what i want to tell you is that the distribution of karez on the earthis connected with the silk road, which connects eastern and western have been found in pakistan, iran and along the caspian sea. therefore, itis no exaggeration to say that karez is a pearl in the world cultural today, karez still plays an important role in the agricultural developmentof turpan, xinjiang.

karez open channel → karez culvert

after visiting the karez museum and walking out of the museum, you can seethe clear spring beside the road. this is the pure snow mountain water flowingout of the karez canal. it is crystal clear. if you reach for it, you will feelcool. it's really "crystal clear and cool".

the underdrain of karez can only be seen when you enter the cave. you canonly see the water gurgling in the underdrain, which makes you feel very are thousands of such wells and canals in xinjiang. the total length ofthe underground rivers is twice as long as that of the great wall, and far morethan that of the beijing hangzhou grand canal.

tourists, today's karez is not only an important water conservancyfacility, but also a great cultural landscape for chinese and foreign particular, a folk song and dance performance full of xinjiang uygur strongcustoms in karez paradise will make you feel restless. the bright rhythm, lightmelody and passionate mood make you join them while enjoying. you can't helpsinging and dancing like uygur girls and young men, and feel the pure fun ofthis song and dance hometown.

ladies and gentlemen, the melodious singing in karez paradise has alreadybeen sung. now, please go to enjoy it!

吐鲁番概况导游词篇十四

各位游客：

欢迎大家来到吐鲁番。提起吐鲁番，人们就会情不自禁地想起“西部歌王”王洛宾，他那“吐鲁番的葡萄熟了，阿娜尔罕的心儿醉了”，美妙的歌词，动人的旋律，把我们带入了一个如诗如画的境界。下面就让我们走进吐鲁番，共同去感受一下它的神奇魅力吧!

吐鲁番的地理特点→气候特征

“最热、最低、最旱、最甜”，这是人们对吐鲁番的形象描述，也准确地概括了吐鲁番的地理和气候特点。

游客们，我们先来介绍一下吐鲁番的地理位置和地形特征。吐鲁番地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区的中部，东面与哈密接壤，西、南面与巴音郭楞接壤，西北距乌鲁木齐市183、公里，北面与昌吉毗邻。东西长约300公里，南北宽约240公里，面积6.四万平方公里，占全疆总面积的4.2%。地形特点是两山夹一盆，博格达山和库鲁克塔格山南北夹峙，中间是吐鲁番盆地。地区下辖二县一市，即都善县、托克逊县和吐鲁番市。总人口约52万。主要民族有维吾尔、汉、回、哈萨克、满、俄罗斯等。

吐鲁番盆地是天山东部一个东西横置的形如橄榄状的山间盆地，四周环山，北高南低，西宽东窄。由于距今约3000万年前的喜马拉雅造山运动，塑造了奇特多样的地质构造和地貌形态。北面有常年覆盖着皑皑白雪的海拔5445米的天山博格达峰，中部有横卧东西绵延100公里的赤热的火焰山，还有火焰山脉中闻名天下的7公里长的葡萄沟，最奇特的是低于海平面154米的盆底艾丁湖，是我国最低的盆地，在世界上也仅次子低于海平面391米的约旦死海，为世界第二低地。吐鲁番盆地集雪山、河谷、沙丘、湖泊为一体，犹如一幅巨型的风景画卷，让人驻足流连。

由于其独特的地理环境，吐鲁番成了中国夏季气温最高的地方，每年6—8月，这里平均气温为35℃一37℃之间，极端最高气温达49.6℃，而地表温度超过70℃，所以人们形容这里“沙窝里能烤熟鸡蛋，石板上能烙熟大饼”。当我们的汽车行驶穿梭在村庄里时，还可以看到这样新奇的现象，即家家户户的床都放在屋外，当地的居民就是这样来度过炎热的夏季的。因此从古到今人们把吐鲁番称为“火洲”也是恰如其分的。不过，尽管这里绝对温度很高，但昼夜温差较大，外加盆地中常刮大风，即使白天酷热难当，一旦太阳下山，夜幕降临， 气温也会逐渐凉爽下来。特别是春秋两季，温差更加明显，早 晚和中午，俨然两个季节，“早穿皮袄午穿纱”是吐鲁番盆地气候特点的真实写照。

吐鲁番干旱少雨，这里全年中几乎有10个月不见雨雪，年平均降水量为16.6毫米，但蒸发量却高达3000毫米。降水的季节，主要集中在夏季。由于雨量小、雨点粗、降水时间极短，因此，人们常以“干燥无雨”来形容吐鲁番盆地的气候。作为降水量一部分的降雪量在吐鲁番盆地更是稀少，市内冬季降雪平均不足2毫米。然而博格达峰的终年积雪却为盆地提供了无尽的水源，当地的人们通过开挖坎尔井，将雪山融水通过地下潜流引向地面，灌溉良田，孕育了生机盎然的沙漠绿洲。

封闭的盆地，稀薄的云量，强烈的太阳辐射，极高的气温，形成了丰富的热量资源。天高云淡的吐鲁番盆地，年日照时数达3000小时以上。丰富的热量资源，为瓜果、棉花等喜温作物提供了理想的生长环境。如驰名中外的吐鲁番葡萄就有20xx多年的种植史，品种多达300余个，经检测，吐鲁番葡萄的含糖量高达22%一26%，超过含糖量最高的美国加利福尼亚葡萄(含糖量为20%)，是世界上最甜的葡萄。

游客们，在介绍了吐鲁番的地理概况后，我们再来回顾一下它的历史：

吐鲁番，古称高昌、西州、火州，早在20xx多年前的西汉时期，就成了西域地区的政治、经济和文化的中心，是古代丝绸之路上的著名重镇。当地车师人所建的车师前国曾在此称雄一时，两晋时这里是西域都护府所在地，建立了“高昌郡”。麴氏高昌王国灭亡后，唐朝在这里设置了“西州”。宋代漠北 回鹘人大举西迁，又建立了高昌王国。元明两代改设“火州”、“和州”。清设吐鲁番直隶厅。民国2年(公元1920xx年)设置吐鲁番县。1985年撤县设吐鲁番市。

吐鲁番还是新疆最早对外开放的地区之一。自汉唐以来，对外交流就十分频繁，来往于中原和印度、波斯、地中海沿岸的商人、僧侣、使节络绎不绝，给吐鲁番留下了许多美丽的传说。

游客们，来到吐鲁番，仿佛翻阅了一幅厚重的历史画卷。 这里有饱经战争沧桑的交河故城、高昌故城，还有精美绚丽的柏孜克里克干佛洞壁画，以及被誉为地下博物馆的阿斯塔那古墓群，伊斯兰风格古建筑苏公塔等……它们向人们展示着不同时代的历史风貌。

历史给吐鲁番留下的不仅仅是遗址，还有悠久的文化，这里的民俗风情浓郁多彩，这里的人们热情奔放，能歌善舞。倘若入夜在吐鲁番宾馆葡萄架下一边品尝瓜果，一边欣赏“麦西莱甫”晚会，一定会使您暑气尽消，心旷神怡。

游客们，吐鲁番的概况就向大家介到这里。或许有的游客要说，讲了半天，我还没有把“吐鲁番”三个字的汉语意思表达出来。是的，吐鲁番是突厥语，意为“富庶丰饶的地方”，听了名字的翻译再对照前面的介绍，您是否也有同样的感受呢?但愿吐鲁番这个美丽富饶的地方能给您的旅行增加更多的乐趣。