2023年八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析(十四篇)
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅读。
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇一
《马说》是苏教版语文八年级(下)第一单元的第四篇课文。该文是唐代大文学家韩愈于大约贞元十一年至十六年间作的。其时,作者25岁即已高中进士,初登仕途,却一直不得重用,心情郁郁,所以常有“伯乐不常有”之叹。本文正是以良马喻人才,通篇采用托物寓意的写法,以千里马不遇伯乐喻贤才难遇明主,对统治者埋没人才、摧残人才,进行了讽刺、针砭和控诉,愤懑不平之情和穷困潦倒之感充溢其中。寓意委曲深致,文气矫健挺拔,有尺幅千里之势。
教材编排这篇文章,意在让学生学习名家名篇,培养学生阅读古文的能力,理解中国古代文人用文字来抒写怀才不遇、壮志难酬的愤懑不平,同时引发学生对当代伯乐和千里马关系的思考。
采用托物寓意的写法来表述自己的观点,生动形象而寓意不言自明,是本课的一个重点,又是一个难点。
1、作为八年级的学生,对文言文的形式、学习内容及学习方法都有了一定的了解和掌握,但还缺乏字词分类归纳掌握的能力。因此在这方面需加强对学生的引导。
2、因本文所写的年代距离学生较远,学生受自身的知识和阅历所限,对本文作者所要表达的深层寓意的理解必然存在一定的难度。但托物寓意的写法在以前的学习中已有认识和了解。所以这一环节要引导学生查阅相关背景资料,加深理解认识。
3、作为生本教育的初始阶段,学生在自主学习,勇于表现等方面可能还有所欠缺。因此在学习过程中要精心设计环节,安排问题,促进学生自主学习,鼓励学生勇于表现。
1.能正确朗读课文,疏通大意,积累常见文言实词、虚词,提高阅读文言文的能力。 (新课标提出:“阅读浅易文言文,能借助注释和工具书理解基本内容,并适当积累文言文词句知识。” )
2.理解作者思想,领会文章寓意。 (新课标提出 “学习语文要有意识地积累感悟和运用中提高自己的欣赏品味和审美情趣。” 的要求。)
3.情感渗透,塑造学生的完美人格,培养学生的良好素质。(这是根据“语文是工具性和人文性的统一”的学科特点所决定)
多媒体。投影仪。前置性学习。
印发“前置性学习指导”,每个学生1份。
1.收集与马有关的成语谚语,诗句,故事图片等。(能利用书籍、网络、周围亲朋好友等有效资源)
2.诵读课文
(1)读通。即正确朗读,读音、停顿正确。能归纳重点生字难词的读音和语句停顿在课堂交流中投影展示。
(2)读懂。即读懂大意,借助注释和工具书正确翻译,读译结合。能归纳重点生字难词的意义和用法如通假字、一词多义、词类活用等在课堂交流中投影展示。
(3)读有感情。运用吟读法,读出文言文语气语调,读出感情:或悲痛,或愤怒,或嘲讽,或鞭挞。并能配合说明朗读处理的理由。重点语句能在课堂上投影展示、示范朗读。
3.利用书籍、网络等资源了解作者及写作背景、文体及写作手法、文章寓意及作者思想。能据此设计板书如文章思想内容、主旨意蕴结构示意图投影展示并讲解。
4.利用书籍,网络等资源收集古今历史上“伯乐”与“千里马”的人物事迹。
5.说说你的经历感受:你曾像文中的“千里马”一样不被理解和赏识吗?你曾有被肯定的快乐经历吗?请让我们来倾听你的心声,和你一起分担或分享。
6.有了伯乐才有了千里马,难道伯乐是千里马的唯一出路?谈谈你对当今社会“伯乐”与“千里马”的关系的看法。如果你是“伯乐”,你应具有怎样的才能,你会怎么做。如果你是还未被发现的“千里马”,你应该怎么做。
〖学情预设 对于前置性学习,学生尚未熟练掌握,因此需对自学任务、方法及交流环节等给予较详细的指导。尤其是引导学生充分正确的利用网络资源,培养学生查资料的能力和习惯。相信随着生本教育的不断深入,学生会表现出让我们惊讶的学习能力,自己去发现问题,生成问题,探究答案。这正是我们教育的目的。
〖设计理念设计前置性学习的目的就是要让孩子们提前进入新知识领域,教师要充分相信他们的能力,给他们展示、交流的平台,促进学生课前预习的积极性,提高学习效率,从而让学生自主学习成为习惯。让我们的教育从主要依靠“教”转变为主要依靠“学”。
1.诵读品味法。叶圣陶语“非读无以训练语感,非读无以激发美感”。教有千法,朗读为本。读品结合,读中理解,读中感悟。还课堂以朗朗书声,通过读对学生进行美的熏陶,培养学生热爱优秀文化的精神。
2.自主学习法。贯彻“学生为主体”的教学原则,引导学生自学,教会学生学习是我们的目的。郭思乐教授“一切为了学生,高度尊重学生,全面依靠学生”的生本理念,让学生在自主学习、合作探究中享受成功的喜悦。
3.创造性学习法。相信学生丰富的想象力和大胆创新的精神,让学生的思维进行碰撞,让智慧之火熊熊燃烧。
学情预设有同学会说是大大的“马”字,会说是许多不同写法的“马”字,更有会说是一匹扬蹄奋进的马。
设计理念激起学生的兴趣,活跃气氛,进入文章情境。
(屏显) 小组合作学习要求:交流、探讨前置性自主学习成果,组织安排组员汇报展示的内容和顺序(各小组长抽签确定本小组汇报内容)
〖设计理念小组交流讨论探究,扩大学生知识面,获取深层次感悟的经验,使学生的学习天性自由释放,进入“乐知”、“好知”的学习生态。
设计理念 围绕前置性学习1—3题的内容,先小组汇报,再班级交流讨论。在交流过程中,以读为主,展开朗读、品读、译读、赛读等各种朗读形式,并配合投影讲解,增进对文本的理解和感悟,培养合作学习的习惯和能力。
学情预设 在以小组为单位进行学习成果展示和全班交流时,由于每个组员的领悟、表达等各方面素质能力有高低之分,可能会出现个别学生独占交流平台,而其他交流较少甚至不发一言的现象。在此环节要强调小组整体性,要让小组中的每个人都有自己展示的内容和平台,或读、或讲、或议、或写、或投影图示,这就要循序渐进地培养小组长的组织领导能力。
1、(屏显)班级交流一:说说你知道的“马’的成语谚语、诗句、故事等。(约2分钟)
小组汇报展示→全班交流
2、(屏显)班级交流二:读通文章(约4分钟)
①小组汇报展示(读,配以投影讲解重点字音停顿)→全班讨论,提难质疑。
②小组可领着全班同学通读一遍。
学情预设读音、停顿问题对学生来讲应能借助资料解决
3、(屏显)班级交流三:读懂文章(约10分钟)
小组汇报展示(读、译结合,投影重点字词归类解释并讲解)→全班讨论〖学情预设 对有些词类活用可能无法解释清词性变化的具体情况,但只要能在具体语境中理解词义即可。对一些一词多义,尤其是“之”一类意义、用法复杂的,学生可能一时无法归纳完整,不过在全班的交流讨论中会逐渐补充完整,即使有当堂解决不了的疑难字词,可让学生做下记号,下去再查找资料解决。
4、(屏显)班级交流四:读有感情(约4分钟)
小组汇报展示(以段为单位朗读,并说明理由,投影重点语句讲解)→全班交流讨论。
②各组挑战赛读(某些语句)
学情预设 此环节对某些学生来讲可能有一些困难,可特设计竞读环节,由朗读能力较强,领悟较快的同学在竞读过程中领导着大家领悟语句内容和情感,提高朗读能力。
5、(屏显)班级交流五:理解作者的思想,领会文章的寓意(约4分钟)
小组汇报展示(结合思想主旨结构示意图即板书设计讲解)→全班交流讨论。
学情预设 在前面朗读的基础上,学生对文章的内容、思想情感应有较深的理解领悟,再结合前置性学习中了解的有关背景资料等,此环节应能水到渠成。
设计理念围绕前置性学习4—6题的内容,小组汇报,班级讨论探究,进一步深化自己的情感体验。联系生活经验和感受,从中获得对自然、对社会、对人生的有益启示。不仅培养学生对文章内涵的拓展延伸,也有利于锻炼学生的口头表达能力。“能就适当的话题即席讲话,有自己的观点,有一定的说服力。”
1、(屏显)班级交流展示一:说说你所知道古今历史上“伯乐”和“千里马”式的人物事迹(3分钟)
小组汇报展示→全班交流
学情预设 此环节同学们通过课内外资料搜集应有内容可讲,关键在于要限制时间,力图语言表达的流畅、简炼。
2、(屏显)班级交流展示二:说说你的经历感受(4分钟)
老师引导:你曾像文中的“千里马”一样不被理解和赏识吗?你曾有被肯定的快乐经历吗?请让我们来倾听你的心声,和你一起分担或分享(1分钟)
学情预设 如果有同学不好意思说,老师可讲述自身一段经历引导。相信同学们一旦感受到大家的真心,一定会有倾吐的欲望。
小组汇报展示→全班交流
3、(屏显)班级交流展示三:谈谈你对当今社会“伯乐”与“千里马”的关系的看法。(5分钟)
小组汇报展示→全班交流
学情预设 此环节相信同学们都很有兴趣,会积极踊跃的参与。关键要引导学生认识到只要人才保持良好心态,坚信“天生我才必有用”,持之以恒,就能实现自己的宏图大志。
与时俱进,终身学习 自信自知,善于表现自己适应环境,发挥潜能 学会欣赏别人,要有团队精神
学生展示背诵文中自己最喜欢的名句、哲理句…(约2分钟)
设计理念 能当堂熟读成诵全文或部分语段。
请根据文言文考点设计一份试题。在下节课交流探讨。(卷面100分,可以是你已知的,也可以是你疑惑的)(约1分钟)
设计理念巩固掌握已知知识,同时对课堂讨论中生成的新的问题进行进一步的学习探究。
1、读是教学之本。以读促悟,以悟促读。解读到一定深度,朗读也自然到位。
2、本节课学习了郭思乐教授的生本教育的生态课堂教学模式。“一切为了学生,一切尊重学生,一切依靠学生”,课堂上老师的引导仅用了3分钟左右,其他皆为学生自主学习,讨论探究。学生学习的积极性和参与的热情得到了很大的提高。
3、组织学生积极有效的发言讨论,这是一个长期的、循序渐进的过程。学生在积极发言的同时,可能会出现发言无序、有效性不高的问题,只要老师加强组织引导,创造宽松的交流氛围,以欣赏的眼光给以鼓励和肯定,我们一定会惊喜地看到学生的变化与成长。
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇二
����
��������ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ôªê®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½25�꼴�ñ¸ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ê¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½è´ò»ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ö®ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²å£ï¿½í¨æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ë²å¡ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½ë²å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö®ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ô¢ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½í¦ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ð³ß·ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
�����ì²ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×³ö¾ï¿½ñ³ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ô¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ûµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¢ï¿½â²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
����
����1����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¼ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����3����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ê¼ï¿½×¶î£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½öµè·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ù½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����
����1.����è·ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½íºí¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ê¾ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��
����2.��������ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¢ï¿½â¡£ ���â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��òªï¿½ó¡££ï¿½
����3.�����í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½í³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ã½ï¿½å¡£í¶ó°ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½1�ý¡ï¿½
����1.�õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹øµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ê«ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡¢ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½
����2.�ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ´êµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
������2�����������������⣬����ע�íºí¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ´êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½å¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
������3�����ð¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å���ò³°·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3.�����鼮���������ô´ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼°ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¢ï¿½â¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë¡£ï¿½ü¾ý´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½á¹¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¼í¶ó°õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����4.�����鼮���������ô´ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5.ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����6.���ë²ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¨ò»ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä¡ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ ����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡¢·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµè¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°¸¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����������������ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ô¤ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ð§ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½îªï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1.�ð¶ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ê¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡°ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ò¡£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¬ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.����ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á³¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡±ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ô������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����3.������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´óµ¨´ï¿½ï¿½âµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½õ¡ï¿½
����
����
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à²»í¬ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ò»æ¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½
����
���������ô£ï¿½ ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°òªï¿½ó£º½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ë³ï¿½ò£¨¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½é³¤ï¿½ï¿½ç©è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½
�������������ð¡ï¿½é½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½
����
����������� î§ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°1��3������ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù°à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ ����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½é¹ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ßµï¿½ö®ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½æ½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½²¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°í¼ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªñ�ò½¥½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½é³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ìµ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ê«ï¿½ä¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµè¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼2���ó£ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½
����2�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ô¼4���ó£ï¿½
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ù£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½é¡£
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ô¼10���ó£ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ö´ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ ����ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ä»¯ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼´ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ò»ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡¢ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ê±ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ð½¥²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼çºå£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ù²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¨ô¼4���ó£ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½²ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
�����ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ð©ï¿½ï¿½ä£©
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ �ë»ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ä³ð©ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµ¼ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ô¢ï¿½â£¨ô¼4���ó£ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½á¹¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ ��ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµè£ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����
�����������î§ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°4��6������ý£ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»¯ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½â¼´ï¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ûµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3���ó£ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ �ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¿é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½4���ó£ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1���ó£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ �����í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½
����3�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5���ó£ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ �ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó»ô¾ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£ï¿½ø¼ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ë²å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ôºã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½
������ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï° ������öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¶ó¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¼2���ó£ï¿½
����������� �üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ä»ò²¿·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½
����
��������������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ú¿î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½100�ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ä£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼1���ó£ï¿½
������������������öªöªê¶ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1�����ç½ï¿½ñ§ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½
����2�����ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ä£ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3�������ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºí²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ëºü´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
����3����ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµä¡ï¿½ñ�ò½¥½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ö»òªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½û¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¾ªï²ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇三
1、教材简析:《背影》选自我国著名的散文家、诗人、学者、民主战士朱自请的一篇著名的记实散文。一直作为语文教材的传统课文,感染了一代又一代,因为它写出了一种异常真诚与至诚的父子之爱,反映了我国一种优秀的传统文化。正如季羡林先生所说:我觉得,读朱自请先生的《背影》,就应该把眼光方远,远到齐家、治国、平天下,然后才能真正体会这篇名文所蕴涵的真精神。阅读这篇散文,我们可以感受到父子亲情——父亲对儿子疼爱和儿子对父爱的感念。这是人间至情。这也是家庭美德,是我们中华民族传统美德的重要组成部分。
2、教学目标:根据语文课程标准的要求,结合该课的特点以及所教班级的实际情况,我制定了如下教学目标:
知识目标:走近作者,认识生字、生词。抓住某一感情的聚焦点展示人物心灵的写作方法;散文的特点及散文的选材。能力目标:学习在平实的叙述、抒情中蕴藏着的极为精巧的构思;关键语句含义的理解
情感目标:,认真体会文中所表现的父子之间的深厚的感情,理解语文与家庭生活的关系。
3、教学重难点:教学重点全日制义务教育语文课程标准要求初中学生能用普通话正确、流利、有感情地朗读,这篇文章很适合朗读,要让学生多读。读出文中的感情,使学生自己能够受到感动。所以我把该文教学重点定为:有感情地朗读课文,在朗读中感受父亲对儿子的深情,激发孩子理解父母、热爱父母的思想感情。教学难点:语文课程标准还要求学生在通读课文的基础上,理清思路,理解主要内容把握文章结构。初二学生,他们的阅读范围还不是很广,掌握的阅读技巧不是很多。抓住某一感情的聚焦点展示人物心灵的写作方法;如何理解文中父亲那个不怎么优美的背影?学生还无能为力。因此,我把此当作本文的教学难点。
4、根据该课的教学目标、教学难点和学生的年龄特征,我采用以下的方法及教具进行教学:
(1、正确、流利、有感情地朗读并进行朗读评价的教学方法。
(2、激发学生“自主、合作、探究”的教学方法。
(3、将自己的亲身经历和体验想结合,激发创新思维的学习方法。
5、教学用具:多媒体。选择以上教法的依据:语文新课程标准要求初中学生必须达到一定的阅读能力。因此,教师在选择教法上必须根据学生自身的特点,充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神。倡导“自主、合作、探究”的学习方式。培养学生主动探究,团结合作,勇于创新。据此,我在教学该课时主要采用朗读的方法,教师不必过多的讲解,作者的感情让学生在读中慢慢感受出来,以达到教学目的,而不是一上来就分析文章,以至把整篇文章分得支离破碎,使学生失去了阅读兴趣。只有在朗读中学生才会自主地去发现问题,“合作、探究”地去解决问题。
6、说学法:语文新课程标准指出:“爱护学生的好奇心,求知欲,充分激发学生和主动意识和进取精神,倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。”“教学内容的确定,教学方法的选择,评价方式的设计,都应有助于这种学习方式的形成。”据此,教学该课我确定了以下学法指导及能力培养:(1自主收集资料,增加课外阅读量的方法,让学生养成预习的习惯。(2自主、合作、探究的学习方法,培养学生自主获取知识的能力。(3走出课堂、走出学校;走进家庭,走向社会而获取知识的学习方法,培养学生的社会实践能力。
第一课时
(一)导入新课,激发情趣:导入新课的开场白是十分重要的,好的导语,能营造适宜的课堂氛围,集中学生的注意力,使其对学习内容产生浓厚的兴趣。我设计的导语是:同学们,人们常说,“世上只有妈妈好,有妈的孩子象个宝,没妈的孩子象棵草。”可是在我们生活中,有一个人也时时刻刻在关心、爱护、影响着我们,那就是父亲。在生活中你的父亲是怎样的一个人呢?在成长的历程中他对你有什么影响?你怎样评价你的父亲呢?1、由导语引出的三个问题,让学生分组讨论交流。2、自由发言,鼓励学生多发言。3、教师小结,引出新课。(此设计能让学生思维活跃起来,充分调动学生的积极性,培养他们的口头表达能力,也能让学生与课文中的主人公达成感情上的共鸣,从而帮助同学们理解课文内容。)
(二)检查预习情况,明确学习目标:1、生字、生词的练习。(运用多媒体显示出来)2、让学生介绍收集到的朱自清的有关资料3、检查朗读情况,并让学生作出评价。(此设计是为了让学生养成自主学习的能力,培养他们自己收集资料,查阅工具书的兴趣,培养他们的阅读兴趣。从而完成教学目标。是学法1的实施。)
(三)启发诱导,合作探究1、配乐朗读此文(运用多媒体),让学生注意朗读的要求和技巧。2、整体把握文章,让学生谈听后的感受。3、把握文章脉络,理清作者的写作思路。4、文中出现了几次“背影“?着重写的是什么时候,什么地方看见的背影?5、本文通过车站送别表现了父子间的什么的感情?6、体味文中父亲的几句话。(以上设计的问题由学生自由讨论,自由发言。此设计是为了让学生在整体感知课文的基础上,进一不理解作者的感情,培养学生“自主、合作、探究“的学习方法和阅读兴趣。完成教学目标2 。)
(四)教师小结,布置作业:熟读全文,进一不感知课文内容。
第二课时
(一)导入新课(我设计了如下导语)同学门,上节课我们理清了作者的写作思路,也感受到了一位普通的父亲对儿子的一片深亲,今天我们继续探讨这篇课文。
(二)明确目标1、抓住“背影”这一感情的聚焦点展示人物心灵的写法。2、领会朴实的语言风格。3、继续感受父子情深。
(三)自主合作,探究质疑(用多媒体显示下列问题)1、文中四次“背影”的描写哪一次给你留下的映象最深?为什么?2、体会父亲亲爬月台时的几个动词。3、文章为什么不写父亲的正面,而写父亲的背影呢?4、作者看到父亲的背影,竟然感动得流泪,你相信吗?5、你认为文章是通过选取什么角度来表现“父爱”这一主题的?(此设计意在拓宽学生的思路,在师生质疑的过程中,进一步理解课文内容,是突破重点、难点的重要一环,是对学法2的指导,从完成教学目标2。)
(四)学生朗读课文,分组讨论,就文中不解之处质疑。(教师点拨)(此设计是让学生养成自主提 问,合作解决问题的习惯,是学法2的进一步指导,从而提高学生的阅读能力和探究问题的能力。)
(五)布置作业:让学生回家后多了解爸妈,体会他们子女的关爱。
(六)总结全文,渗透思想教育,完成教学目标。
附板书设计一 附板书设计二
背影 朱自清 难忘背影 —— 点题
祖母死了,回家奔丧 父 描写背影 —家境:祸不单行父亲疼爱儿子
祸不单行 父亲的差使也交卸了(失业) 子 别前背影: 细心关照儿子怜爱父亲
家中光景惨淡 情 买橘子背影: 体贴周到
深 再现背影: 思念
四个背影:开头;去买橘子时;告别时;泪光中的。
四次次流泪 :
第一次见父亲,睹家境,想起祖母悲哀
第二次见背影感动
第三次别父亲
第四次想背影
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇四
����1���ì²ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¼ò¡ï¿½ê«ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ê¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½êµé¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ò»ö±ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì²äµä´ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½í³ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã°ï¿½ï¿½û¹â·½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½î¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¾«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªé¢ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û°ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç¼ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´«í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����2����ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó£¬½ï¿½ï¸ã¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì°à¼¶ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½×¥×¡ä³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½øµã¼°é¢ï¿½äµï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£ºñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½æ½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½åµä¼ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¹ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äº¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����3����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âºï¿½ï¿½êºï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ñ¸ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½×¶ô¶ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸¸ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºü¹ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½çºü¶à¡£×¥×¡ä³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ò°ñ´ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã¡£
����4�����ý¸ã¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¾ß½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������1����è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3�����ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5����ñ§ï¿½ã¾ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¡£ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½í½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡£³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ý´ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·öµï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê§è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����6��ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½í½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£¬³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý´ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1�����õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3�߳����ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿îµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ê±ê±ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ú³é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ó°ï¿½ì£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½1���éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2�����é·ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à·¢ï¿½ô¡ï¿½3����ê¦ð¡ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê£º1�����ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½1��êµê©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������������õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½1�������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½å£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½2������������â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½3�������������磬�������ߵ�ð´ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½4�����ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½5������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¾ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¿6����î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½×µä¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½2 ����
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ð¡ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï£©í¬ñ§ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½×¶ô¶ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ò»æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
������������è·ä¿ï¿½ï¿½1��ץס����ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2�������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½3���������ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
��������������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©1�������ä´î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¿îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½2����Ḹ��������ì¨ê±ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½3������îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µä±ï¿½ó°ï¿½ø£ï¿½4�����߿������׵ä±ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡è¡ê²ã´ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡¢ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½2��ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½2����
�������ä£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½2�ä½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������壩������òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¼òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å®ï¿½ä¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ü½ï¿½è«ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
�������������ò» ��������æ¶ï¿½
������ó° ������ ������ó° ���� ����
������ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ò±ï¿½é¥ �� ��ð´ï¿½ï¿½ó° ���ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ ���׵ä²ï¿½ê¹ò²ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ë£ï¿½ê§òµï¿½ï¿½ �� ��ç°ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ ï¸ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½õ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ð¹â¾°ï¿½òµï¿½ �� �����ó±ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ �����üµï¿½
������ ���ö±ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ ë¼ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½
�����ä´î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��
������ò»ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ð¶ï¿½
���������î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä´ï¿½ï¿½ë±³ó°
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇五
尊敬的各位评委、各位老师:
大家好!我是……,我今天说课的内容是人教版语文八年级下册第四单元的课文——《春酒》。
本单元以民间文化为主题,所选文章涉及的都是趣味盎然、生动丰富的民风民俗以及民间艺人轶事,文笔生动,妙趣横生。
《春酒》是一篇诗化的散文。作者用细腻的笔触描绘了故乡浓浓的风土人情,抒发了对童年、对故乡和对母亲的无限追思之情。
思乡是本文的一大旨。作者把记忆中的许多片段集于“思乡”这个焦点是:农历冷气年的种种风俗与禁忌:“我一马当先地作为母亲的代表家家户户喝春酒;乡亲之间相互“起会”置办春酒的融洽;“我在多年后按照母亲的方法如法炮制“八宝酒”这一切都围绕着家终年的味道展开。春酒、会酒、醉了童年、醉了乡亲、醉了母亲,也醉了无数读者。“我”的天真右爱、母亲的善良能干,乡人的淳朴厚道,在“春酒”“会酒”的酒席上不断氤氲丰收来,弥漫成浓浓的人情风俗之美。文末那句从心底里发出的感叹足以让所有的游子动心动容:“究竟不是地道的家乡味啊。可是叫我们却那儿去长真正的家醅呢?”琦君就是用这样一咱少将铅华的笔调,娓娓地诉说着自己对童年,对故乡的无限着恋。
1、阅读教学的核心是目标是:具朦胧 独立阅读的能力,流利情感体验,有较丰富的积累,形成良好的语感。
2、阅读教学的重点是培养学生的感受,理解、欣赏和评价的能力,逐步培养学生探究性阅读筇 创造性阅读的能力。
3、根据本单元选文的特点,作者教学需要从文章出发,以语言为教学立足点,旨导学生揣摩重要语句,注意语言的积累和感悟,加强朗读教学,使学生深入体会文中的思想感情。
1、通过本单元前三篇文章的学习,及学生的自身的学习生活经验,寻民风民俗有较为丰富的的感情认识。
2、在学过的课文中有一些表达思乡情感的诗句,学生有一定的积累。
3、学生学过的中国近代史,其中对海峡两岸50多年有分离有所了解,经上三点对三文的学习奠定了良好的基础。
基于以上对教材、学情的分析,和语文课标提出的基本理念,对阅读教学的要求,本课教学目标确定如下:
1、知识与能力
(1)速读课文,整体感知课文的内容。
(2)有感情地朗读课文,品文中的细节描写,深入俯文中的思想感情。
2、过程与方法
(1)朗读课文,品精彩语言,关注细节描写。
(2)拓展延伸,提升学生对“思乡”这一主题的理解。
3、情感态度、价值观
⑴理解作者通过叙述家乡的风土人情来表达浓浓的思乡之情;
⑵感受中国的民俗美和古朴淳厚的人情美。
重点:朗读课文,品文中细节描写,深入俯文中的思想感情。
难点:领悟文章的意蕴。它是本文的难点所在,由于学生的生活阅历所限,寻于本文所含的思念故乡,追思亲人的情感不易感受
多媒体辅助教学,创设情境,啬感情认识,帮助突破教学重难点。
一、导入新课:
(1)(多媒体播放音乐《望乡》。)(创设情境)
教师导入:一曲望乡,一段思恋。思乡是一个永远也说不完、道不尽的话题。因为人都有感情,生命都有根。漂泊在外几十年的游子们,乡愁永远是剪不断、理还乱的情愁。
(2)教师提问:在我们古诗中,表现作者强烈思乡情感的诗句有哪些?
学生回答并简要解说。
教师过渡,揭示课题:今天我们共同学习琦君的《春酒》,看看琦君在美国回忆起儿时春酒会有怎样的一番滋味(多媒体出示课题)
2、浅吟低唱,朗读《春酒 》
学生自由朗读课文,整体把握课文内容,引导学生理清文章脉络。
3、走近作者,领悟《春酒》
了解作者琦君,介绍作者生平,有助于学生了解作者的生活背景,进一步主题的理解。
4、深入文本,品读春酒:
课文中有许多细节写得很有情趣,找出来读一读,品一品。
细节是文章鲜活的花朵,文章中有许多细节写得非常有趣,表现了作者对童年、对母亲、对家乡浓浓的感情。阅读就必须细细品味,通过对细节的品析进一步体会文中的感情和主旨)
5、拓展延伸
(1)拓展阅读于佑任的《葬我于高山上兮》。
(2)多媒体出示画面:让学生了解海峡两岸近些年来的交流情况。
(3)、放朗读录音,朗读于佑任的《葬我于高山之上兮》及舒兰的《乡色酒》。
(4)琦君已经离我们远去了,可是像琦君一样思乡念祖的人却数不胜数.如今,他们可以回家了。
五、抒写感怀,告慰琦君
对故乡的眷恋就是一坛春酒,时间愈久,对故乡的思念则愈浓愈烈.如今的海狭两岸春暖花开,对许多海外飘泊的游子,故乡不再遥远。结合现实,请你对琦君写几句话,抚慰她的在天之灵。
(通过练笔,内化学生的情感体验,培养学生思维及语言表达能力)
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇六
�����𾴵ä¸ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½
������òºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ôªï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä±ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ë¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ë¼ö®ï¿½é¡£
����ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªä¸ï¿½×µä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡±ï¿½ã°ì´ºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä´ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¯ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä©ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµøµï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ç¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ç¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¸µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ð½ï·á¸»ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����2���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �������ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�����ý±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªñ¡ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ä£¬×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä»ï¿½ï¿½ûºí¸ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬¼ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����1��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªç°ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é£¬ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½îªï¿½á¸»ï¿½äµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ê«ï¿½ä£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����3��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ôºï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½50�����ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ì¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ï¶ô½ì²ä¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó£¬±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1��öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1���ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
������2���ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����2�������뷽��
������1���ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½
������2����õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����3�����ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½
��������������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£»
�����æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����øµã£ºï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
�����ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬×·ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ã½ï¿½å¸¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½
������1������ã½ï¿½å²¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ò²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼¸ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
������2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ê«ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð²¢¼ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½í¬ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©
����2��ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡£
����3���߽����ߣ����ò¡¶´ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
�����ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î±³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����4�������ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½:
����������������ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤,�ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ò»æ·ï¿½ï¿½
����ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê»ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ã·ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¸æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½úµï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½
����5����õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����õ¹ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡·ï¿½ï¿½
������2����ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ºï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½âº£ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3�������ê¶ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½é½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������4�������ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶è¥ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½ï¿½.���,���ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô»ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½
�����塢��ð´ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àº£ï¿½ï¿½æ®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²»ï¿½ï¿½ò£ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é¡£
������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇七
1、 知识与技能:学习作者细致的景物描写的方法,掌握修辞手法——比喻、拟人的用法。
2、 过程与方法:通过品读、质疑,理解“滹沱河”的性格与“我”的性格成长的关系。
3、 情感、态度、价值观: 体会情景交融的情致,感受作者对家乡的深情。
1、文中的“我”被称为“小滹沱河”的原因;
2、理解“滹沱河”的性格与“我”的性格成长的关系。
今天带领大家认识一个人。(投影)他身材高大,足有1.9米,“有一个不羁的灵魂” ,尽管一生遭受了很多的苦难:流亡、饥饿、受迫害、被捕、监禁、坐牢、受审判、劳动改造“,但“生命不停地自燃 流尽了最后一滴血 用筋骨还能飞奔一千里汗血马 扑倒在生命的顶点 焚化成了一朵 雪花”,他离开家乡56年,但家乡的滹沱河边高粱林几乎伴随了他一生,他就是牛汉。著名诗人、作家。1940年开始发表作品,有诗集《温泉》(获全国优秀诗集奖),有散文集《滹沱河和我》、《萤火虫》。今天我们一起来学习他的散文《滹沱河和我》
(过渡:开头有这么一句话“你这脾气,真是个小滹沱河。” 滹沱河和“我”有什么关系?“为甚么要把我跟滹沱河一块说?”我们深入到课文进行进一步的了解。 )
思考:作者围绕滹沱河写了哪些事情?
明确:沉睡的滹沱河;咆哮的滹沱河
滹沱河是一条怎样的河?我对滹沱河的感情是怎样变化的?
学生交流明确答案
沉睡的滹沱河
想象中的滹沱河
我的心情:向往
2、“我”第一次见到的滹沱河----干涸的滹沱河
[人/情] “我感到异常的失望,滹沱河啊,你丢尽了我的脸了!我怎么会像眼前这个喊不应打不醒的滹沱河?”(第4节)“……我怀着满腔的悲伤向她们说的滹沱河走去。我找寻我那个失落的梦,在滹沱河那里寻找我心中的滹沱河。”(第5节)
“灰灰的”、“无知无觉地”、“躺”、“尽是”等词表现出了“我”的失望;
干涸的滹沱河打破了“我”心中的神秘感,其实越失望,说明期望值越高,对滹沱河更关切。
3、姐姐口中的滹沱河——大水“说来就来”
我的心情:[恐惧]
[如]被“镇住”、不吭声、不仅手凉,心都凉了
4、第9节尾句“现在我才明白她们为什么说我是个小滹沱河”,“我”是不是真的明白了?
[答]没有完全明白,因为“我”还没有亲眼见过真正的滹沱河,只是间接了解了它的情况。
5、咆哮的滹沱河
气势宏伟、野、难管束……
文中从哪些方面逐步体现了滹沱河的气势?
(从“我”与滹沱河的接触入手进行分析,还要注意句子所使用的修辞手法及其表达效果)
听滹沱河
[正面] “那滹沱河一会儿像是从深深的地下喷出来的;一会儿又觉得天空在打闷雷,像是从天上降落下来的。”
[侧面] “它们的声音被吞没了”、“……平常谁的声音我都能听出来,此刻全分辨不出来”……
看滹沱河 (点击词汇——“赫然”:形容令人惊讶或引人注目的事物突然出现。)
问:划出句中的动词,并从“滹沱河”和“我”两个角度去分析。
插入问题:上文有哪些句子也表现出了“我”想亲眼见见滹沱河的急切心情?
6、为什么长辈们都说:“你这脾气,真是个小滹沱河”?
因为“我”和滹沱河的脾性合一:野、难管束;(说来就来)
之前我们品读了第三部分,领教了滹沱河的“野、难管束”,那“我”的“野、难管束”又是怎么体现出来的?(从文中找相关的描述)
7、分析加点字的含义——“我第一次感到自己是多么的渺小!”
[析]这既说明了“我”对滹沱河的崇敬之情,也说明“我”认识滹沱河的过程也是“我”成长的过程。
8、品读结尾:
为什么说滹沱河是“我的本命河”?
我的本命河。”
——“我”与河脾性合一(野、难管束);它是故乡的代表,我爱滹沱河,也热爱这生我养我的故乡。
——这里的“很野,很难管束”是贬义褒用的,这其中还包含了无畏、勇敢,充满锐气的精神。[联系第一节] 课文对滹沱河的描写,实际就是对自我的描写。“我”的性格脾气与滹沱河的脾性“合一”。 滹沱河是故乡的极富特色的河,是故乡的象征。作者通过对滹沱河的描写,寄托了对故乡深深的热爱和依恋之情, “我”对家乡的热爱之情融于对滹沱河的认识过程之中
老师总结:的结尾既是拓展,又是总结,也是抒情。
1、情景交融
情——景(人——河)
[总]故乡情思(单元主题)
2、前后呼应(请学生在文中寻找)
(五)作业
写一段记忆中的故乡的场景,字数两百字
建议:运用正侧面相结合的写法和修辞。
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇八
����1�� öªê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ü£ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½âµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ´ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�� �����뷽����í¨ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����3�� ��ð¡ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½ ����龰���úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����1�����ðµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����2�����⡰�����ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
���������������ê¶ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ß´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1��9�ף�����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡± ������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü¶ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ ���������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñª �ã½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ü·é±ï¿½ò»ç§ï¿½ïº¹ñªï¿½ï¿½ �ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ù»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ ñ©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½56�꣬������������ó±ß¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½1940�꿪ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó©ï¿½ï¿½æ¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½
���������é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ò»ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����óºí¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ã´òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£ ��
����ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¿
������è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½?�ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ä£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������ë¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�����ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½----�éºôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[��/��] ���ò¸ðµï¿½ï¿½ì³£ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4�ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5�ú£ï¿½
�������ò»òµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½þ¾ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½è´ê±ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����éºôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¸ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµô½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµô½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����3�������ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£º[�ö¾ï¿½]
����[��]������ס�����������������������ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4����9��î²ï¿½ä¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½
����[��]ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ö»ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5��������������
�������æºï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
�������ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½þ´ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������
����[����] ����������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[����] �����çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ë�������ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½è«ï¿½ö±æ²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ ������ê»ã¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������⣺��������ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¿
����6��îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½æ¢ï¿½ôºï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ö®ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¡ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����7�������óµï¿½ï¿½öµäºï¿½ï¿½å¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ò»ï¿½î¸ðµï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[��]���ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä³ç¾´ö®ï¿½é£¬ò²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����8��æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½
����îªê²ã´ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½òµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����òµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¢ï¿½ôºï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ò²ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ç¡£
������������ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½[��ïµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½] ���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½æ¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½æ¢ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �������ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½äºó£ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£¬ ���ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ä½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á£¬ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����1���龰����
�����顪�������ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½
����[��]������ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©
����2��ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ò£ï¿½
�������壩��òµ
����ð´ò»ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������飺�������������ïµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ´ç¡ï¿½
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇九
《台阶》是人教版八年级语文上册第二单元中的第三篇课文,是当代作家李森祥的一篇小说,小说以“台阶”为线索,用第一人称,叙述了一位“父亲”经过几十年的奋斗,终于将自己的三级台阶的房屋建成了九级台阶的新屋的故事,塑造了一位要强、勤劳又很谦卑的农村父亲形象,真实地再现了中国传统农民复杂的内心世界和坚韧顽强的人生历程。
本单元以“爱”为主题,几篇课文都在诉说对普通人、尤其是对弱者的关爱与同情,是要让学生从不同角度去透视那个特殊年代中处在社会底层的人们的生活,启示学生关注社会,关注社会中的弱势群体,培养孩子们的.爱心和同情心。同时启示学生语文来源于生活,只要关注自己身边的人和事,富有一颗爱心和同情心,关注社会中容易被人忽略的人们,就有无穷写作素材,开阔学生作文取材的视野,回归写作本源。
1.《台阶》是人教版初中《语文》 八年级上册第 二 单元第三课。《台阶》是一篇以父亲为描述对象的短篇小说,以农民的儿子作为故事叙述者,小说围绕“台阶”命题立意,组织材料。虽以父亲为主要描述对象,但此文并非表现父亲的作品,而是在表现一代农民形象,除具有农民的老实厚道、要强、勤劳、朴实等品质外,这位父亲更是一个用劳动证明自己存在价值从而赢得别人尊重的人。这一点也正是他有别于普通农民之处。另外,全文以儿子的眼光关照父亲,除饱满对父亲的敬佩之情外,文字间也流露着辛酸,深沉地向着时代呼唤,亿万农民的希望在于先进的生产力。
2.教学目标
结合本单元特点和文体特征,我把本节课的学习目标之一定为,整体把握故事内容,了解作者的思想感情,理解“父亲”形象的特点,继续培养读书习惯和能力。不仅如此,新课标的语文还要求我们在情感,态度、价值观方面,对学生多些引导,让他们获得更多裨益。所以在分析人物形象的基础上,体味作品赋予“父亲”形象的深刻意蕴,正确对待理想的追求与实现,如何正确对待人生价值,也是我们预期实现的一个重要目标。
对于八年级学生而言,本文情节的单一,文字朴素的特点,无疑给学生解读提供了很大的便利。所以我们将本文定为自读篇目,预计一课时完成,当然困难仍然是存在的。因为作品兼有崇敬和怜悯的双重感情色彩,作者这种复杂的心态,决定了“父亲”的形象中蕴含的意蕴,具有比较开放的意义。所以如何挖掘理解主题就成为本课的难点。《台阶》的语言很简朴,但细节描写极富情感,学生可能分析不深不透,故而将重点确定为:如何品析本文通过细节描写表现父亲形象的。
1、 学生知识基础和生活经验。本文立意新鲜,情节朴素感人,容易调动学生的学习积极性,为本文的学习创造了良好的条件,但 “有一千个读者,就有一千个哈姆雷特”,本文蕴含的社会背景、时代特征以及父亲的形象意蕴问题较深奥,八年级学生学习起来有一定的难度,应结合学生的生活经验重点突破。
2、能力分析 。学生对故事内容的把握没有问题,并且能够通过反复阅读感悟文章的思想内涵。
3、学生习惯在小组内交流后再发表看法,因此应该适当的给学生多创造一些合作学习探究的机会。
我根据本课目标和内容,从学生已经掌握的知识基础、发展水平,拟采用以下教法和学法:
a教法:预习法
《台阶》一文较长的自读课文,只安排一课时,如果全部内容放在课堂上时间不够。而且我们学校学生的语言功底差,应注意先把基础知识落到实处,再循序渐进进行教学,故而课前布置预习:利用工具书,掌握课文后的“读一读,写一写”中字词的音形义并搜集作者的相关材料;划出自己喜欢的语句和不懂的地方,培养学生自觉学习语文的习惯,提高学生的阅读能力,为课堂学习做准备。
课堂上采取以下教学方法:
(一)复述法:《台阶》篇幅较长,通过复述能快速抓住小说的情节,且能提高学生的概括与口头表达能力。
(二)讨论法:讨论是以问题为中心,以教师引导下的师生和生生的对话、讨论为主要手段的一种教学活动方式,它旨在鼓励学生发挥学习的主动性,学会用自己的头脑去思考、去辨析、去归纳。
(三)诵读法:教读这篇文章,要通过朗读,把无声的文字变成有声的语言生动地再现作者的思想感情,在教学中我让学生反复读、读反复,让学生自己在读中感悟父亲性格中的艰苦创业的精神和坚韧不拔的毅力。
b学法:学法具体如下:
1.自主、合作、探究的学习方法;
本文在学法上正是运用了“自主合作、探究”的方式进行, “父亲”的人物形象分析可以从多角度进行,可以结合学生独特的个人体验,在是师生间充分交流的基础上,进行个性化,人性化的解读。这在很大程度上,也锻炼了学生的发教性思维与创新思维。总而言之,在学法上以学生自读为主,采用“自主合作、探究”的方式。
2.勾画圈点法。
注意养成学生学习习惯的养成,提倡“不动笔墨不读书”,让学生养成圈点勾画的读书习惯。
从以人为本的教育理念出发,按照学生的认知规律,我设计了“导入新课”“检查预习”、“初读课文,了解课文内容,感知人物形象”、“再读课文,品析精美的段落,深入父亲的内心世界”、 “深入探究,弄清台阶的深刻内涵”等教学环节。
(一)、导入新课:有这样一位父亲,他可能是清贫的,以至于我们在人前都不愿意提起;他可能是平凡的,以至于我们在人群中无法将他辨认出来;他也可能是卑微的,他一生的追求在我们看来是那样的不值一提。但就是这样一位父亲却带给我们很多深层的感动和思索,今天就让我们一起走进李森祥的小说《台阶》,走近这位父亲。
(二)、检查预习:课程标准认为八年级的学生仍要一如既往地进行字词教学。所以我我没有舍弃这个环节,而且为了激发学生的学习积极性,采用开火车读的方式,来考察学生对作者的情况的了解与生字词的掌握情况,并对学生的读音进行了及时的校正。
(三)、初读课文,了解课文内容,感知人物形象
1、小说叙述的主要事件是什么?
2、父亲为什么要执意建一座有高台阶的房屋?
3、在你心中他是一个怎样的父亲?课文中哪些细节可以体现父亲的优秀品质?
(本环节主要采用快速阅读法、勾画圈点等教学方法,旨在培养学生独立阅读、思考的能力,同时再从独立转向合作探究,同学之间、师生之间相互质疑、相互启发,拉近了师生间的距离,有利于学生创造思维的培养。落实了教学重点,完成教学目标。)
(四)、再读课文,品析精美的段落,深入父亲的内心世界
a、片段一:课文第18、19、20自然段(准备之时)
1、大声朗读这个片段,然后根据上下文在“父亲已经把满满一凼黄泥踏好”这样一句话后穿插心理活动描写,以第一人称穿插父亲的心理活动描写,请动笔写下来,三五句即可。
(这个地方耽误的时间较长,这也反映出学生的动脑动笔能力有待提高。)
展示写作成果,向全班同学汇报。
2、从哪些细节可以感受到父亲内心的情感?
b、片段二:品读课文第21自然段(砌成之时)
本段运用了什么样的描写手法,体现了父亲什么样的心理?
c、片段三:课文最后三个自然段(砌成之后)
朗读课文,哪些词语该重读?两个问句应该采取什么样的语气来朗读?
(小说正是通过这些细致入微的细节描写完成了对父亲性格的刻画。文章少了细节,人物也就失去了血肉和神采. 由于本文是用第一人称来叙述故事,不便直接描写父亲的心理活动,所以用细节描写来体现人物的心理活动。那么本文的细节描写取到了推动情节发展与表现人物形象的作用,同时使文章的语言生动感人,具有艺术韵味。引导学生通过细节把握人物形象,不仅理解作者的构思技巧,学会解读小说的方法,而且潜移默化的引导其学会通过人物言行表现人物性格的写作意识。同时训练学生的口头表达能力,使学生能够完整流畅的表达。)
(五)深入探究,弄清台阶的深刻内涵
李森祥:乡土永远是我创作的源泉,也是我情感的源泉。任何时候,任何地方,我都不会忘记我来自农村,我也有责任把中国农民最本真的情感表达出来。
作者在父亲身上倾注了怎样的情感?说说你的理由!(体会作者的情感,其实就是把握本文的主旨的过程,理解了作者的情感,蕴涵于作品深处的意蕴就迎刃而解了。)
(六)板书设计:
台 阶
李森祥
勤劳
要强 父亲 节俭 富足 被尊重 自尊
渴望 自卑 无奈
当然,一节课下来后,本人也存在着很多的困惑和遗憾。如,这么长的一篇小说,如何在一节课中,即能让学生、听者有一整体感,又要在某一点上讲深讲透,我还是觉得比较难操作。回顾整堂课的教学,应该说基本完成了教学任务。学生思维活跃,感情投入,对父亲的形象有了较深的体验,但对文学作品的感悟力显然还远远没有达到一定的高度,当然对于普通班的学生我们的要求不能太高。因为本人对于时间的把握不太好,导致课堂延时,之所以拖堂几分钟,给老师们留下一个完整的印象是次要,主要原因还是想把课上完,怕误了第二天的周周清考试。
课已上完,成功也罢、失败也罢,收获也罢,遗憾也罢,这一切都会成为我的宝贵财富,激励我上好今后的每一堂语文课。
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇十
����
�������òµäµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡·ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªõ¹ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á±³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����������ê«ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½20���í³ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡¢ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,���ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�������������������塣
����
�������ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ò£ô¶,����ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ê¾ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á±³ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°î¶,���ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����î±ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±,��õ¹ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�����������í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½,�ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ò°ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñºí¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
�����î±ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·,�����ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����������æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½,���ð»ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����ïµï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½î³é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºí¼ï¿½öµï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
����
������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����ë¼â·,������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·îªï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ ���⡰�������úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ,���ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ñ¶ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�����������Ȿ�äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ò°ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñºí¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ ���⡰�������úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������ä±è½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½,�漰���ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òª1����ê±ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò·¨¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������������ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½íµã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ñµï¿½í»ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â±¾ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©í¬ñ§ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��îªï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¹ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½â¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�����߹���������í¾,�����������ê¿ï¿½,��������,�����ç»ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ù´î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµä´ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
������������è·ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½î»ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½
�������壩��õ¹ñµï¿½ï¿½ �����������ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,������,�üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£
����������������ê½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶è°ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇十一
������ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ðµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é���ò»æªð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ô¡ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ò»ï¿½ë³æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ä·ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µä·ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾å¼ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä¹ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ç«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½å¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
��������ôªï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ç¶ï¿½è¥í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½.���äºï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ö»òªï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½å°ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×±ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¹ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½
����1.��ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ ���꼶�ï²ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½æªð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ð¡ëµî§ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½öµï¿½ó¶ï¿½ó®ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨å©ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½û¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½×µä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.��ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
������ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½öµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªä¿ï¿½ê¡£
�������ú°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµäµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ëºü´ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½îªï¿½ô¶ï¿½æªä¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½úµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ç¾´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë«ï¿½ø¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±è½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºü¼ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î²»í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����1�� ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¸ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����ò»ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á±³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è£ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½í»ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
����2���������� ��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à´´ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á¡£
�����ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ý±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����a�ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½
������ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ä½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý·ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð£ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½×²î£¬ó¦×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ñ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½äµ½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ�ò½¥½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ò»ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²¢ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������ï²ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ö¶îµï¿½ò»ï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½è¥ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
�����������ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½òªí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¼ï¿½à´´òµï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����bñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½:
����1.������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ �����ס�����������������ô´ó¶ï¿½ç¶è½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºü´ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ë´´ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.����è¦ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½
����ע������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï°ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½á³«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ã¹´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
����������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡±¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½ ������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åªï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½î¢ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½öµò»ï¿½á¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é���ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½
���������������ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ð³µ¶ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����2������îªê²ã´òªö´ï¿½â½¨ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µä·ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½
����3��������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¸ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ê£ï¿½
��������������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ù´ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ö®ï¿½ä¡¢ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����a��æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½18��19��20��è»ï¿½î£ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ö®ê±ï¿½ï¿½
����1�������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¤ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ó´©²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ò»ï¿½ë³æ´ï¿½ï¿½å¸¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼´ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����(����ø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½)
����õ¹ê¾ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½
����2������ð©ï¸ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½
����b��æ¬ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½21��è»ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ê±ï¿½ï¿½
��������������ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����c��æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½
�����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã²ï¿½è¡ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ä¿ì»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ê§è¥ï¿½ï¿½ñªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ���ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ò»ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½í¬ê±ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¹ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£ï¿½ï¿½
�������壩����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åªï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½
������é�飺������ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´èªï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ô´èªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºîµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î±¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½(������ߵ���ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½î´¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¾ï¿½ó�ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½)
����������������æ£ï¿½
ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ ï¿½ï¿½
�������
��������
����òªç¿ ���� �ú¼ï¿½ ���� ������ ����
�������� �ô±ï¿½ ����
������è»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åºü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ä³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½î½²í¸,�ò»ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ã±è½ï¿½ï¿½ñ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ô¶ã»ï¿½ð´ïµ½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ß¶è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½õ²ï¿½ì«ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªô������ñ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿¼ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
�����������꣬�é¹ï¿½ò²ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½ò²ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½åºï¿½ò²ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½òµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î¡ï¿½
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇十二
《我的第一本书》选自人教版八年级下册第一单元第三课,本单元展现的是几位名人成长的人生历程。本单元均是叙事性作品,适合在朗读中悉心品味作品的叙事风格、描写手法和蕴含其中的思想感情;基本都涉及深广的人文、社会背景,需要学生加以理解,注意融入个人生活体验。
本文是诗人牛汉的回忆性散文。他的“第一本书”折射出20世纪初中国农村的苦难生活、人间温情和生活乐趣。学习了这篇课文,可以帮助我们认识生活的底蕴,感悟读书对于人生的意义。
由于本课所写的内容离今天的学生生活比较遥远,因此我尽量引导学生仔细揣摩词句,结合前两课积累的社会背景知识,和补充的牛汉生平,以加深对本课所展示的生活景况的理解,借以去想象那个时代人们的学习生活,进而品味生活的苦难对于人生的意义。另外,本课浅显易懂而又耐人寻味,因此学生读起来比较有兴趣。
语文课程标准要求:在通读课文的基础上,理解分析主要内容,体味和推敲重要词句在语言环境中的意义和作用,且对内容有自己的心得。在因此我把知识与能力目标定为:品读语句,感知人物形象。
课标说:在发展语言能力的同时,发展思维能力,激发想象力和创造潜能,能具体明确文从字顺的表述自己的意思。因此,我把过程与方法目标定为:品悟语句,理解作品所展示的苦难生活经历,感悟苦难和读书对于人生的意义。
课标:欣赏文学作品,能有自己的情感体验,初步领悟作品的内涵,从中获得对自然、社会、人生的有益启示。对作品的思想感情倾向,能联系文化背景做出自己的评价。形成积极的人生态度和正确的世界观和价值观。因此,我把情感、态度价值观目标定为:感悟作者的思想感情,从中获得有益的启示。
在通读课文的基础上,理清思路,理解主要内容,体味和推敲重要词句在语言环境中的意义和作用。这是初中语文阶段阅读的一个目标。因此,我把本课重点明确为:品读语句,感知人物形象,感悟作者情感; 理解“本”的内涵。
二十世纪初的文化背景,及作者对于苦难生活的深刻体察和独到感悟,对今天的学生来说,由于不是亲身体验,难度要大点儿,进而很难理解本文的主旨。因此,我把难点定为:品悟语句,理解作品所展示的苦难生活经历,感悟苦难和读书对于人生的意义, 理解“本”的内涵。
本文比较通俗易懂,涉及的人和事容易理解,教学需要1个课时。预习作业采取自读自悟法、勾画圈点法,锻炼大家提取和筛选信息的能力。
在人物分析和情感把握上,采取讨论法和点拨法,锻炼大家品味语言、感知情感的能力。
难点突破方面,采取合作探究和讨论交流、点拨等方法,从而让学生理解本文的主旨,获得有益的启示。
(一)导入新课:你读的第一本书是什么样的书?可能有些同学已经记不清了。可是诗人牛汉却对他的第一本书永志不忘,因为那本书承载了一段感人的故事。事过几十年后,作者走过了迢迢征途,饱尝了人生甘苦,回首往事,发现那挥之不去的记忆,是一笔终生受用的精神财富。
(二)检查预习。分两部分,一《新学案》,作者、字词、解释,做到合理利用手头资料;第二部分预习题,锻炼学生筛选信息的能力,初步了解课文大意。再次基础上让学生提出问题,带着问题确立本节课学习任务,能尽可能的从学生的学情出发,极大的调动学习积极性。
(三)明确学习任务,4个,第一个课前基本已经掌握
(四)授新部分,分感受温情、感知苦难、感悟主旨三大板块。以两句话为线索展开,抓住“酷似、很难笑起来、荒寒、一点快乐和梦幻”这些关键词展开,插入牛汉生平,让学生对牛汉的苦难生活有个更深刻的认识在此基础上突破难点
(五)拓展训练 两个题可以任选,希望学生阅读课文有所感,有所悟,能调动、激活生活体验,展开联想和想象,并通过写作培养语言表达能力。锻炼学生的思维能力和表达能力。
(六)总结归纳,回扣目标从内容、做人、写作等方面让学生积累相应的知识和技巧。,尤其是解读文本的方法——抓关键句,是本节课渗透的一个重点。
板书以书轴形式展开,分人物篇、情感篇、苦难篇、感悟篇、技巧篇。让学生从各个角度把握本文,深刻理解书的含义,把握“本”的内涵。
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇十三
����
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
����1��öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£º
������1�������������ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
������2��������������
����2������ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����3����ð¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½
���������ý¡ï¿½é¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¬ï¿½õ¡ï¿½
������������ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1����ñ§ï¿½øµã£º
������1�������������󣬸���é¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½øµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������2��æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3����î¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµø¶ô²ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½é¢ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ñ§ï¿½ñµã£º
������1��é¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½î½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������2��������ä±ï¿½ï¿½â¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ì²ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������������ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì²äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ä¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ñ£¬¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºí°ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½í¬ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¸ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡£
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£
����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ë·ü¶ï¿½ï¿½é²åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½ëµä³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â±¾ï¿½þ¿éºï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ò²òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½
����3��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú³é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5����ê¦ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý³ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëº£ï¿½×³é²åµï¿½ô��������í¬ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����6����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµäµï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½æ¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡·ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����7�����ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
����1�����ý½ì²ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½>���ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½>�û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½>���û±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½>�����ü½á¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö½ïºãµä½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ê¦îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ô��
������2��ö±ï¿½û½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ð¹ø»ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ó°æ¬ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
������3��ä£ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£
������4����������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½
������5����öªï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½â¡ï¿½ç¨ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����2���ô²ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½öµä»ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ñ¶è½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
�����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºí»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½
����2���ô¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµø¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¬ï¿½õ¡ï¿½
����3����é¢ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4��ä£ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ö¶ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����1����ñ§ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
������1���ð¹ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½û¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»í¶ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½
������2���������äµï¿½ó°æ¬ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
������3�����ö²ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������4���ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½×¶îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä£¬
����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
��������ð¡ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ò»ï¿½ï¿½ã¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£
����3��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4�����ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½
����
��������ê±ï¿½ä£º45���ó¡ï¿½
����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼
��������롪���ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å°ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级上册语文说课稿 八年级语文说课稿学情分析篇十四
(一)教学目标设计。
1、知识目标:
(1)复述课文内容,理清文章思路,理解课文主题。
(2)理解人物形象。
2、能力目标:
品味文章清新朴实的语言。
3、情感价值:
感悟安妮。莎莉文老师深沉博大的爱心及其独特的教育方式,学习海伦。凯勒自强不息的精神,体会作者热爱生活,对待生命的积极态度。学会关注、关心弱势群体,让心灵接受一次爱的熏陶。
(二)教学重点与难点分析。
1、教学重点:
(1)理解人物形象,感悟莎莉文老师深沉的爱和独特的教育方式。(解决办法:扣住文本,设身体验。)
(2)品味文章细腻优美的语言。(解决办法:多读。)
(3)如何更好地对残疾人表现出我们的关爱,进行一次爱的教育。(解决办法:直观事例,震憾心灵,发散思维,奉献爱心。)
2、教学难点:
(1)莎莉文老师如何教“我”感受“爱”。(解决办法:设置活动,亲自体验,根据文本,重点理解。)
(2)理解课文标题“再塑生命”的含义。(解决办法:深入浅出,重在“生命”二字的理解。)
(三)教材处理。
《再塑生命》是人教版八年级下册语文教材第一单元第五课课文,第一单元课文以人物故事为主,教学目的在于让学生体悟到人生奋斗的意义,感受到人间的关爱与温情。因此重点可放在学习人物品格,感悟人物奋斗历程和爱的传递,渗透人文教育。此文与这一单元其他文章不同的地方在于当事人是个又盲又聋又哑的人,学习中要注意从这个特殊的地方入手。同时这篇文章文笔优美,描写细腻,形象鲜明,故事感人,也可以用来学习品味含意丰富的语句。
(四)资源分析。
1、学生对残疾人生活、心理的了解。很多人没有亲自接触过残疾人,但通过各种媒介对残疾人有一定的了解。
2、学生课外收集搜集海伦及残疾人奋斗成才的资料。学生易把这群人的成功因素偏向自身努力,这本无可厚非,但教师也要注意引导,别人的帮助这个外因也必不可少。
3、学生参与帮助残疾人的经历。
4、学生自已在成长过程中受他人重大影响的经历。
5、教师收集《千手观音》的资料,《千手观音》演出的成功因素与海伦成才的原因有异曲同工之处,它需要四个手语老师的帮助。
6、教师已有的电影《漂亮妈妈》的材料,设置情境,引出问题。
7、爱心歌曲《爱的希望》及手语操。所任两个班的学生均已学过,能引起共鸣。
(一)教法设计:
1、根据教材特点、初中学生思维行为特点,设计以下教学法,力求做到灵活应用各种教学法。
(1)探索教学法:归纳为“五步教学法”,思路为:自主探索——>感性材料——>观察分析——>讨论辨析——>归纳总结。本方法是一种较好的结合学生实际,符合认识规律的方法。能开拓学生思路,培养学生的分析能力,充分体现教师为主导,学生为主体的教学原则。
(2)直观教学法:展示有关画面、电影片断、激发学生的感性认识。
(3)模拟实践法:学生亲身体验,深入体会。
(4)竞赛法。小组间竞赛,激发学生发散其思维。
(5)感知、模仿、迁移、运用。符合人的认识规律。
2、对不同学生的启发、诱导方式:
让学生都有表现的机会,尤其是中差生。本课主题学生虽易理解,但不一定能深入,通过搞小活动及放映电影,深入浅出,激发差生的学习兴趣和参与意识。分析问题时难度较大,老师适当点拨,这更能提高学生的学习能力,通过学生讨论、师生共同总结来完成学习任务。
(二)学法设计:
初二年的学生既保持了初一年时对事物的好奇心和活跃性,但随着年龄的增长,开始学会思考社会问题,学习重在学会主动去探索。
1、合作探究学习。独立思考与小组合作相结合,一方面培养自主学习的习惯,一方面善于与人合作,得到更多角度的信息。
2、以读为本。让学生充分地读,在读中整体感知,在读中有所感悟,在读中培养语感,在读中受到情感熏陶。
3、发散思维,自主探索。符合初中生的个性特征。
4、模拟实践,亲身体验。增强感性认识
学生通过这几种学习方法,当家作了课堂的主人,各种层次的学生都有机会、有能力参与进来,课堂形式多样,富有吸引力。
(三)手段选用。
1、教学媒体设计:
(1)有关画面展示:海伦生活照、《千手观音》照、邰丽华照等由大屏幕投影出来,引导学生进入特定情境。
(2)所剪辑的电影片段:《漂亮妈妈》的两个片段,触动学生心灵。
(3)音乐播放:《爱的希望》,教师引导学生一起做手语操,以烘托课堂“爱”的氛围,结束教学。
(4)有关文字:展示初读课文和重点研讨阶段的学习任务,以节省板书时间,
2、学生活动设计:
两个小活动,让学生亲身感受。活动一是盲人认识具体事物,活动二是教聋哑人认识抽象事物。
3、小组合作,讨论探究。
4、爱心歌曲的感受。
总需时间:45分钟。
附:教学过程流程图
活动导入——速读课文,理解内容——重点研讨,赏析语言——电影片段欣赏,讨论探究——师生总结,布置作业——播放爱心歌曲。