地理实践报告格式(十二篇)
在经济发展迅速的今天,报告不再是罕见的东西,报告中提到的所有信息应该是准确无误的。那么,报告到底怎么写才合适呢?下面是我给大家整理的报告范文,欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴,希望对大家能够有所帮助。
地理实践报告格式篇一
实习时间:xx年12月20至24
实习地点:重庆市陈家桥、缙云山、天府煤矿及北碚区水文站
实习路线:沙坪坝—歌乐山镇—土主—歇马—磨滩—青木关—陈家桥为第一条路线;沙坪坝—缙云山为第二条路线;缙云山—天府煤矿—沙坪坝为第三条路线;沙坪坝—水文站—沙坪坝为第四条路线。
实习目的:野外实习是自然地理学的重要组成部分,通过野外实习,使学生增加感性知识,加深理性认识,巩固课堂教学成果,而且经过野外基本技能的训练,还可以提高野外观察和分析地理的现象的能力,为综合运用地质、地貌、土壤、植被、水文等地理知识奠定基础。
实习要求:
1、通过野外实习,认识土壤、植物的地带性分布规律,并能辨别土壤、植物的类型和特征。
2、能够辨别各类岩石的分布规律、特性。
3、熟悉水文的基本特点和掌握水循环的基本规律及它的作用。
4、掌握各种地貌的形成条件及分布规律。
实习人员:xx级地理科学专业全体同学79人与本专业何太容老师、刘春红老师、李阳兵老师、张友明老师。
实习区为重庆市沙坪坝、九龙坡、北碚三个主城区,他们分布于四川盆地东部,属盆东平行岭谷地貌区。其中沙坪坝区地处重庆西部,地势南高北低,工业基础雄厚;北碚生态环境优美,青山常翠,碧水长流。缙云山是国家级自然保护区。长江上游亚热带阔叶林植物宝库,这道绿色生态屏障,减少了主城区的“热岛效应”;九龙坡区地理条件优越,城市功能完备。水陆空交通便捷,是重庆的交通枢纽和物资集散地。
(一)20日实习内容
实习地点:陈家岭、歇马、青木关、中梁山凉风垭
实习记录:
1、陈家岭:缓丘带坝地貌,细分:深沟、浅沟以及长沟、短沟;背斜、向斜
2、歇马:紫色土是在频繁的风化作用和侵蚀作用下形成的,其过程特点是:物理风化强烈、化学风化微弱、石灰开始淋溶。
1)梁滩河瀑布的形成:河流的河道中硬性岩石不易被冲蚀,软性的岩石容易被冲蚀,从而产生了河底地形的高低差别,经过对那里岩石的分析,结果表明:上层是砂岩,下面是泥岩,总体是一个长形岗地。从瀑布的形成来看,那里还有可利用的位置,周围的那个小发电站正是利用了这一点。在冬天,还可以明显的看到是冬季的枯水期。从地貌学的角度来看还涉及到“裂点”:河谷纵剖面上坡降突然增大的地点叫“裂点”,常由地壳上升或侵蚀基准面相对下降,河流产生新的溯源侵蚀,或因构造、岩性原因造成的差别侵蚀所形成。在这里侵蚀基准面都是地方侵蚀基准面。还有一个现象就是侵蚀后退。
2)小磨滩:陇岗沟谷陇岗砂岩——山岗泥岩——沟谷从河床延伸是砂岩到页岩,小磨滩的形成原本是一座山,由于岩性的不同,下面泥岩在长期的流水侵蚀下慢慢减少,于是后来形成了砂岩的河床。
3、青木关:石灰岩菱形盆地,石灰岩土壤肥力差;有温泉,同缙云山温泉形成原因相同,地处一山两岭一槽,缙云山南坡。
4、中梁山:
1)、北倍中梁山背斜低山西槽,谷内发育有地表河,古时自北向南流动,直接注入嘉陵江,后被明家溪支流翁家沟溯源侵蚀,切传后300余米的须家河组砂岩,在代家沟南的土地垭袭多了地表水西流,造成地表断流,向南至文星场地表始见小溪,并形成文星场地表溶蚀洼地,宽500米,溪河两侧尚存古河道的两级阶地。
2)、水库污染严重,xx年时水还可以饮用,后来就逐渐被污染了,这两年来污染是最严重的。主要原因是歌乐山上的工厂将大量的工业废水陫到水库,由于水库地处歌乐山长条带状与平状高丘(寨山平:从下到上紫色土、黄土所以上面栽桃树),整个地貌形态是一个向斜。因此,污染非常严重,原来面积大约有500亩,现在也只有400亩了。共3页,当前第1页123
(二)21日—22日实习内容:
实习地点:缙云山
实习记录:1、缙云山海拔最高980米,在地质地貌上,属四川盆地川东平行岭谷西缘华蓥山褶皱带,走向北北东—南南西。褶皱带系一复式背斜山脉,向东南分出沥鼻、温塘、观音三支背斜,构成“一山三岭二槽”、“一山二岭一槽”地貌地点,背斜两翼不对称,东陡西缓。
2、缙云山土壤为酸性黄壤。
3、缙云山属盆地低山,在垂直高度上都是常绿阔叶林的分布范围,故无植被类型分布的垂直带普表现。在人为作用与生境条件下,发育成多种多样的植被类型。主要分布如下:
1)中亚热带常绿阔叶林:优势种以壳斗壳、樟科、山茶科、金缕梅科、杜英科为代表。群落外貌终年常绿,春、夏季相变化明显,上层乔木树冠浑圆,林冠波状起伏。群落包括四个层次:乔木层、灌木层、草木层和层间植物。
2)常绿针、阔混交林:这是一类次生林向地带性常绿阔叶林演替的过度类型,它的乔木层一般含2—3个亚层:第一亚层多由高大挺拔的马尾松构成单纯的层片:第二、三亚层则为种类较多的常绿阔叶树种组成,并含有少量杉木。
3)亚热带暖性针叶林:是我国亚热带东部湿润地区四季长青的针叶林型,是常绿阔叶林分布范围内的次生林。在北碚地区指马尾松林、杉木林及柏木林三个群系,共同特点是群落层片结构简单、层次分明、林相稀疏。
4)竹林:竹类是一类特殊的多年生常绿木本植物,适生于温暖湿润地区,广布热带及亚热带范围内。我国竹类丰富,近300余种,竹林面积占世界竹林的四分之一。竹类分乔木状和灌木状两种生活型,但竹类的生物学特征及生长规律和树木有明显不同,竹秆寿命短,开花周期长短不定,开花后易死亡。竹类传播和繁殖更新主要是通过营养体的分殖方式,根据竹类地下茎分生繁殖的特点和形态特征,可分为三种生态类型:单轴型、合轴型和复轴型。
5)灌草丛:灌草丛是亚热带低山、丘陵地区广泛分布的一类次生植被,北碚地区灌草丛的种类组成,受母岩性质的影响很大。
4、植被演替:在某一地段上,一种植物群落被另一种植物群落代替的进程。演替包括“顺向”和“逆向”两个方面的涵义。
(三)23日实习内容
实习地点:北碚水文站
实习记录:
1、北碚水文站建于1993年,由长江水利委员领导设立至今,为嘉陵江干流下游控制站。今年嘉陵江发生了自1984年以来的最大一次洪水,北碚水文站为控制嘉陵江干流和上游渠江、碚江来水及时掌握信息。
2、水文站有两个基本任务:
一、收集基本的水文资料,为国民经济建设服务。
二、防洪当好耳目为国防洪抢险服务。主要工作是算好“水帐”(有多少水量经过)和“沙帐”(多
少泥沙经过).
3、水文测站布设:
1)测验河段的选择;
2)断面、基线、高程点和测量标志。的布设。
4、测验项目:水位、水温观测、漂流流量观测、漂流悬移质泥沙观测、漂流泥沙颗粒分析、降水量观测、水质水污染观测,水文水情、降水量播报、水文资料整编、新仪器设备煌研究,比测验试,测验方法及研究。
(四)24日实习内容
实习地点:北碚天府煤矿
实习记录:
1、t3sj、t1j、t1f的岩性、岩深槽谷的形成。
2、观察三灰土的形成、剖面特点及土地利用。
3、沿途观察龙潭组各段地层特征。石灰岩中泥土叫做碗碗土,也只有石灰岩中才能称之为碗碗土。分化不完全的的钙质页岩,地层坡度与岵层坡度决定等高线向下弯程度。共3页,当前第2页123
地理实践报告格式篇二
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地理实践报告格式篇三
今年7月中旬,为了深刻认识和巩固地质学和自然地理学知识,我们级人文城规跟随着唐院长来到韶关进行我们大一暑假的实习。韶关位于间歇上升区,流水侵蚀作用强烈,造成峡谷众多,山地陡峭,以山地丘陵地貌为主。而且地质构造复杂,地层发育基本齐全,岩溶地貌广布、种类多样,岩类以红色砂砾岩,砂岩、变质岩、花岗岩和石灰岩为主,丹霞山更以独特的红岩地貌闻名于世。
第一天我们在去帽峰山的途中观察到典型的平卧褶皱,沉积时是水平的,后来由强烈的挤压力和构造变动使地表发生塑性变动,主要是碳酸盐岩和石灰岩,厚度都大于1米,属于巨厚层沉积。
马路的对面采石场,有典型的断层构造,中间接近水平,两边近于直立,根据山体两侧岩石的颜色和岩性差异,判断可能为正断层。不难看出,这一带的泥盆纪的地质运动比较活跃。可以推出,平卧褶皱受到断层干扰。
随后,我们来到帽峰公园南部,沿着公路由北往南走,出露地层由新到老,观察岩层产状及性质,可以明显发现开始是以泥灰岩为主,伴有粉砂岩、泥质灰岩、页岩,后来以石灰岩为主。中部存在较多层间揉皱,小型断层,考虑到属于海相沉积,初步判断为潮间带到潮下带过渡类型,地层由几厘米的薄层变为几米的厚层,说明沉积环境由复杂多变变为稳定,北侧为帽子峰组,南侧为天子岭组。
最后,我们来到武江边观察河流的发育,河流在弯道处存在横向环流,使凹岸侵蚀后退,凸岸堆积生长,而在河流一侧可观察到三级河流阶地。
7月10号我们乘车到达广东韶关芙蓉山国家矿山公园,首先观察的是石炭系下统、石凳子组的断层构造,观察到上盘相对上升,下盘相对下降,所以判断为逆断层。返回出口的路上观察到灰白色带状的方解石脉。
步行到达芙蓉山的石炭系下统测水组的煤窑所在地,()主要成分为煤矸石。往上步行到达古生物化石的沉积地点,图示为挖掘化石所获。
在登山终点,我们观察到喀斯特地貌中的溶蚀洼地、峰丛及芙蓉湖的秀美景观。芙蓉湖岸边,我们观察到山体的向斜构造,向斜判断依据为岩层受到水平地质运动挤压后岩石由老变新以及地形起伏状况。
第三天,我们去到了丹霞山世界地质公园。世界上由红色陆相砂砾岩构成的以赤壁丹崖为特色的一类地貌均被称为丹霞地貌,丹霞山便是这类特殊地貌的命名地。
不过在去的路程中,我们先在国道106线2202公里+250米的地方下了车,这里有一个性质为古浈江河流阶地沉积的地貌点。我们对其进行了观察,发现它是二元相结构,地层的上部为河漫滩相沉积,地层的下部为河床相沉积,它的成分大多是粘土粉砂粒、鹅卵石、泥沙,而且从鹅卵石有规律地朝同一方面排列这一现象,可看出古浈江河流的流向是近似水平的。
随后,我们进入了丹霞山景区。一路往上走,我们来到了著名的阳元石景区。阳元石已经有30万年的历史,被誉为“天下第一奇石”、“天下第一绝景”.它的性质是蚀余石柱,其岩性属于碎屑岩类(包括砂岩、长石石英砂岩、砾石岩)。阳元石是由于地壳抬升后,两组岩层相互交叉,流水沿着节理面侵蚀搬运,即是由垂直节理发育而形成的。在阳元石的表面我们能看出水平层理,这是由于岩层岩性软硬不一,软层被侵蚀凹陷,硬层不易侵蚀被保留而形成的。
后来我们又坐上车,来到了一处性质为水平韵律层理与节理发育的地貌点。它是由于地壳抬升后巨大岩块由错落方法坠落形成,而又由于其下错的岩块形似向上爬行的鳄鱼,故称“鳄鱼上山”.其岩石的本色是红色和白色,但因雨水冲刷而发黑。岩石的沉积层基本上为水平层理,其上的黑色条带上有鹅卵石,反映了河流相与湖泊相转换的古地理环境;岩石的红色部分反映的是交错层理和斜层理,其倾斜方向代表古水流方向和流速大小。
第四第五天我们来到马坝人遗址、大峡谷,这是实习内容的最后一部分了。在路上我们还看到一个滑坡体现场,我们亲自爬到滑坡体的对面进行观察,老师们给我们介绍了滑坡体形成的特征以及我们面对滑坡体可以采取的一些防护措施。真正到野外实习了我们才会发现,原来生活中,身边的事物就蕴含知识。在你经过一大堆黄土的时候,你绝不会想到那叫滑坡体,也不会想到我们还总结出它们的特征以及应对措施。
要观察大峡谷,光有观察力还不够,还要有体力。在大峡谷中我们可以看到跌水、瀑布等,在汗流浃背之际感受水流冲下来引起的气流,真的是应了那句广告词“透心凉,心飞扬”.当然,那一千多级的阶梯更是考验人,所以我觉得我们去实习不仅仅是收获知识,更是磨练人的一个过程。当有想偷懒的同学问院长可不可以不爬的时候,院长调侃地说,你可以不上来,但一定要下去。是的,大峡谷下面没有缆车,所以只能通过爬楼梯的方式上来。但是当你重返“地面”的时候,你会为自己自豪的。
最后一站就是马坝人故址。在炎热的夏天我们步入溶洞之中,不禁佩服古人竟会找到如此宜居之地。
为时五天的实习,你会发现你不仅仅在思维能力上得到极大提高,更能练就坚持的毅力。和组员一起分工合作,感受大自然的鬼斧神工,以不一样的视觉来看生活!
地理实践报告格式篇四
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地理实践报告格式篇五
一、地貌学的意义
地貌学是研究作为人类生存环境的固体地球表面及表层的物质形态特征、物质组成、内部结构、空间分布、成因及其演变规律的学科。地貌学研究的对象及研究方法随着人类社会及科技发展而发生改变,随着人地关系的改变而改变。地貌学研究,不仅在理论上作为人类对地球家园最基本、最直接的特征——地貌形态的形成规律的探索和解释,而且在实践上可以为资源开发利用、土地利用、环境管理、灾害预防、区域可持续发展等多方面服务。地貌学的研究成果可应用于资源开发、环境保护、自然灾害防预、工程建设、可持续发展管理等方面,对于国家的经济建设具有重要意义。
关于研究地貌方法的叙述,突出野外的现场工作、实验室分析方法和技术、数据处理方法、过程和机制的研究方法、数值模拟方法、高新技术,多学科交叉等,以利于培养学生的能力,但由于条件的限制,我们只进行野外考察,学习,认识一些典型的地貌类型。
二、 花岗岩地貌
红色风化壳花岗岩本是地下深处形成的岩浆岩类,后因构造隆升以及地表受到长期的侵蚀作用而出露地表。花岗岩在地表分布广泛,可占地表火成岩面积的20%~25%。国内外地质、地理学家对花岗岩地貌研究认为主要有两种:一是形成高山峻岭;二是形成雄伟浑圆的山体和低矮的丘陵岗地。前者为构造侵蚀的花岗岩峰林地貌,这种地貌主要发育在高差的山区,多由岩株状的花岗岩体组成,花岗岩岩石祼露,岩体内多组断裂和节理发育,受冰川或流水强烈切割和风化侵蚀后形成了雄伟高耸、峰峦重叠、谷深坡陡的奇峰深壑,往往成为风景旅游胜地,如我国著名的黄同、九华山、 天柱山、三清山、华山等风景名山。后者由穹隆状的花岗岩体形成,在气候条件的作用下,岩体上常发育厚层的,形成红土丘陵地貌,如我国华南花岗岩丘陵地区,或经风化剥蚀后也可形成雄伟浑圆状山体,如海南岛的五指山等。花岗岩红土丘陵表层结构松开的风化壳极易发生散流冲刷和暴流侵蚀,成为崩岗侵蚀等水土流失灾害的高发区,这类花岗岩地貌以我国的华南地区最为典型。以上这两类花岗岩地貌均与我们的生产和生活密切相关,了解其特点和形成机制,有助于更好地开发和保护花岗岩地貌旅游资源,以及因地制宜地开展花岗岩风化丘陵地区的土地退化的防治工作。
xx年5月25,上午8点,在学校出发,往南宁的东北方向前进,经过五塘,老师跟我们解释说南宁市正北方向是寒武纪岩,我们往东北方向可以看到寒武纪地层,背斜山。该阶段为邕江及小型支流冲出来的小形盆地,呈现波状地形,台地和河谷,该地区以植水稻、玉米为主,少量的花生,由于雨水较充足,丘陵上的种桉树,这种耗肥需水大的经济树种。公路两侧是寒武纪砂岩、沉积岩,能清楚地看见地层节理。
再往前走地形变化较大了,可以看到花岗岩风化壳,花岗岩是块状结构的岩石,坚硬密致,孔隙率约为1%,因而透水性比页岩还要差,只有页岩的1/5。花岗岩属于不透水的岩石,容易产生地表散流与暴流的冲蚀。岩性结构坚硬,抵抗侵蚀能力很强,所以花岗岩能够形成高峻的山地,然而,花岗岩岩体有丰富的节理,在节理或断裂集中的地方往往出现崖壁,因为那里的地下水活动较强,岩体抗剪力较弱,易于进行重力崩塌作用,加之岩体结构坚硬透水性差,节理交错,因此花岗岩容易风化。土壤相当贫脊,以高岭石为主,矿物机质较少,植被难以生长,且水土易流失。如果植被不好即遭到人为的破坏,导致崩岗,崩岗地貌是一种发育于热带,亚热带山区的严重水土侵蚀地貌。通常指发育在红土丘陵地区(特别是花岗岩丘陵)的冲沟沟头部分,经不断地崩塌和陷蚀作用而形成的一种围椅状侵蚀地貌。因此该地区人烟荒芜,有零星村落分布。
到达昆仑关,看典型的花岗石红色风化壳,沿着节理进行的风化作用,可以向岩体内部深入形成很厚的风化壳。地层在三十米以上。我们来到花岗岩崩岗侵蚀区,用地质捶敲打岩石,判断此处岩石多为白云母。其岩性主要为粗粒或中粗粒(斑状)黑云母花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩、有局面中粒(斑状)角闪黑云母二长花岗岩、肉红色黑云母花岗岩。我们用地质捶敲该岩石,易于散裂,说明花岗岩风化壳粘粒含量少出粒较多,胶结性弱,结构疏松。
在车辆行驶的路上,我们看到一闪过的灰色岩石。老师说那是火山凝灰岩,三叠纪喷发出来。这主要由粒径<2mm的火山灰(炭屑,晶屑,玻屑)及火山碎屑等(含量50%以上)固结而成的岩石。分选性差,碎屑多具有棱角。岩石外貌有粗糙感,可以清楚看见层理。我们近距离地观察看了风化不够彻底的红色风化壳,其碎屑较多,是三叠纪形成的,层面较薄,长期发展下去最终形成高岭石、氧化铁、氧化锰等氧化物。人为破坏植被会形成坡面细流。不过,我们看到的不是自然的雨水冲刷的坡面细流而是挖土机挖出的爪痕。
三、峰林洼地地貌
在前往上林的途中,可以看到峰林地型。峰丛、峰林、孤峰及溶丘可总称为峰林地形,它们是岩溶地区的主要正地形,都是在高温多雨的热湿热气候条件下,长期岩溶作用的产物。其成因复杂,是岩性纯、厚度大、产状平缓、分布广的碳酸盐岩地区地表水的侵蚀、地表水及地下水的溶蚀、以及沿节理裂缝所进行的机械崩塌等综合作用的结果。峰丛多分布于碳酸盐岩山区的中部,或靠近高原、山地的边缘部分。峰丛顶部为尖锐的或圆锥状的山峰,而基部相连结簇状。在峰林地形中代表发育较早阶段的地形,但也有人认为它是峰林、洼地地形形成之后,地壳抬升,岩溶进一步发展改变而成。广西西部,西北部,靠近云南,贵州高原的边缘部分都是发育了峰丛。而峰林主要发育在湿润热带、亚热带(年均温)>20℃,年降水量>1500毫米)老师说这是发育不成型的峰林,成分不纯,杂质较多,叫锥状峰林,桂林地区的峰林叫塔状峰林。这里的下边地层为不可熔岩,上边是可熔岩。
到了上林,我们在那里吃了午饭。
从金龙洞出来我们往西北方向前进,坐着车上,我们看见一些没有水的坑,老师说,那是干谷。干谷为岩溶区特有的景观。岩溶地区发育了古河谷,当地壳上升,地表河流不是随之下切,而是沿着后期在谷底上发育的岩溶孔道(漏斗、落水洞等),将水吸干,谷底干涸遂形成干谷。有些干谷在暴雨季节尚排泄部分洪水,则称半干谷。干谷的形成也可以由于河流发生地下截弯取直现象,使原来的地表弯曲河流段变为干谷。因此在干谷地段常保留昔日河流冲积物的残余。在岩溶地区,由于地表河流常发生遇落水洞或溶洞而转为地下伏流的现象,这种河谷遇石灰岩而突然截断,当这种河谷变为干谷时就称盲谷。
来到古零乡,该地区属于峰从洼地,地层漏水严重,以种植玉米为主。 在高大宏伟的灵阳寺下面,老师说这是典型的白云岩(18)我们用地质锤敲打和用放大镜观察,发现白云岩和石灰岩的区别。白云岩是指以白云石为主要成分(50%以上)的碳酸盐岩,常混入方解石,粘土矿物,石膏等杂质。外貌虽与石灰岩相似,但硬度略大,较坚韧,滴稀盐酸(5%)不起泡或微弱起泡,而石灰岩是起很多的气泡。白云岩风化面常有白云石粉及纵横交叉的刀砍状容物。途径古寨路口,老师给我们介绍该地区为浅洼地,地表水出不去,只能从地下水出去,形成喀斯特干谷。串株状洼地,土层薄,植物难以生长,当地居民饮水质量很差,经济落后。
傍晚,我们在周围都是山的马山县住宿。
四、 岩溶地貌
岩溶(或称喀斯特),是一种发育以碳酸盐岩等可溶岩地区的特殊自然过程,其基本特征是其区域地貌发育形成一系列与岩石的可溶性相关的独特地貌和水文特征。包括各种封闭洼地、漏斗及地下水系,地表岩石表面可以形成特殊的溶蚀形态,地下可以形成洞穴及相应的洞穴堆积物,其外在表现为区域特殊地貌和水文现象,形成人们通常所说的奇峰异洞,如峰林、峰丛、石林、石芽、暗河、天生桥、盲谷、竖井、天坑以及形态各异的岩溶洞穴等。我国岩溶地区分布广泛,集中分布于广西、云南、贵州、四川、湖南、山西、西藏等地。岩溶发育的主要区域碳酸盐岩地层分布面积约137多万平方千米,如果再加上埋藏于地下的碳酸盐岩溶,则总面积可达300多平方千米,约占我国陆地国土面积的1/3.岩溶地貌常常形成特殊的风景资源,成为旅游胜地,如我国世办自然遗产中的九寨沟、黄龙寺、桂林山水,世界地质公园云南石林,以及众多的旅游洞穴。
影响岩溶地貌的因素
作为岩溶发育的物质基础——岩石主其可溶性特征,实际上属于地质条件范畴。从沉积学的角度分析,不同沉积相的碳酸盐岩可以形成不同的碳酸岩结晶状况、岩石结构和岩石构造,并导致了溶蚀作用的差异,进而对地貌发育产生影响。不同沉积相碳酸盐岩之间的裂隙也同样是岩溶发育的重要基础。不同类型地层的组合,如砂岩等非岩溶岩层与岩深岩层的组合方式,可以影响到区域或小范围地下水活动,造成不类型的岩溶地貌发育,如半岩溶、全岩溶。岩溶地区水文现象具有地表分水岭与地下水岭不重合的现象,地下河的存在则是岩溶地区特殊水文现象。岩溶地区的地貌与水文是相互作用的。地表、地下水流的流体力学性质、流动性及流量对于侵蚀或沉积地貌的形成均有较大的影响。经常流动的水体,通过多种化学过程(如混合溶蚀)和机械过程,能较大地提高水的溶蚀力。岩溶地区不同地下水动力带的地下水不同运动方式,具有不同的岩溶溶蚀特征并直接导致了不同类型的洞穴系统的发育。此外,岩溶地区土下存在一个特殊水文带——壤下带(subcutaneous zone),是土下可溶岩体顶部次生裂隙发育的地带,此处溶蚀作用活跃并对岩溶地貌形态发育影响巨大,是直接与特殊地下水动力相关的表层岩溶对岩溶地貌形态发育影响巨大,是直接与特殊地下水动力相关的表层岩溶(epikarst)地貌带。
到了大龙湖水库,我们下车沿着公路走,观看了两边的岩性,是二元结构,泥盆纪和石炭纪交结而成,形成峰丛洼地,这里水库漏水严重,在这里修建的水库都要进行多处的人工修补。岩性以石炭纪方解石为主,植被较少,其表层风化程度较深,可以看见多处的沿着节理风化的方解石似乎要崩塌下来。还看见与灰质岩相似 藻类苔藓系岩。
我们来到了水库边上的岩溶洞,这里主要成分是常湿钙质淋溶土。溶洞的形成是早期的地下河崩塌溶蚀,以化学沉积为主,形成的自然拱。在岩溶地区,溶洞是指由于岩溶侵蚀作用及后期的沉积作用改造而形成的洞穴。溶洞是岩溶作用形成的各种洞穴的总称,而洞穴则是指可以容纳人们进入的地下空间。广义上包括地下大小不同的各种类型的洞穴,包括落水洞,竖井和复杂洞 穴系流等。狭义的溶洞是指发育在潜流带或季节变动带内形成的水平延伸为主,通常有地下河作用的曲折分布的洞穴。溶洞是喀斯特地貌区别于其他地貌类型的最为显著的特征地貌类型。地下河是岩溶地区沿大型岩溶管道或洞穴廊道集中排泄,具有较稳定流量的地下常年径流,也称暗河或伏流。地下河对地下水运动而言,从分散层流运动形式或发展为线性集中紊流运动。从地貌作用上,从简单的化学过程(溶蚀,淀积)发展为兼有化学溶蚀淀积,流水冲蚀机械侵蚀和堆积,崩塌等复合过程。地貌营力大大加强,地下河可以有河床卵石及两侧漫滩卵石沙粒堆积,因此我们可以看到洞壁上有很多的鹅卵石。
这个洞很大,我们下去后可以看见洞顶往下有很多的石钟乳,表明水有波动,蒸发出来,溅水沉积而成。确切的说,石钟乳是洞穴沉积中常见的类型,是由于洞顶裂缝出渗出富含碳酸钙水流发生淀积,从洞顶向下垂直悬挂生长的碳酸钙沉积体,由方解石成层结晶构成,悬挂如古钟,外形如乳,下端常有短鹅管凸起,故得名。石钟乳内部呈层状结构,垂直剖面中心常有鹅管。石钟乳的生长速度快慢不一,而且有阶段性,大多每30-50年生长一厘米。在破损的石钟乳上,我们可以看到雪白的晶粒岩石,是方解石。在洞顶上,我们还发现了旋窝脚洞,这是地下河小型支流冲出来的。脚洞是溶蚀作用在岩溶石山基部水面附近形成的浅洞,其成因一般认为是与池沼静水环境或静水滴水环境下水面溶蚀作用相关。脚洞发育后期可以成为地表水转入地下通道,故脚洞可以成群分布并相互贯通,成因上仍然是与地表,地下水的溶蚀侵蚀作用相关。也常与河流冲蚀或差异溶蚀有关,也有的是溶洞崩塌破坏的残余。我们深入伸手不见五指的洞里,听见一些滴水声,是从岩洞顶部滴落下来的。洞里还弥漫着泥土的味道夹杂着腥味,仔细一看是蝙蝠屎,用电筒往上照,发现黑黑乎乎的一片蝙蝠,说明洞里是非常潮湿阴暗的。
5月26日,8点40分,我们往马山县的东北方向前进,地势逐渐陡峻,是典型的峰丛洼地也叫溶蚀洼地,岩性以石炭系的碳酸盐岩为主,石多,土少,水缺。溶蚀洼地是岩溶地区的负地形,在峰丛或峰林之间呈封闭或半封闭状。平面形态为圆形或椭圆形,长轴常沿构造线而发育,面积约数几到数十平方公里。洼地底部呈线凹形,有时因漏斗及落水洞的分布而略有不平。表层堆积有厚度不等的残余红土及水流冲刷来的红土堆积。洼地与峰林地形同步形成,开始在峰丛之间可能形成一些由岩溶漏斗、落水洞集中的小凹地;而后小凹地水流集中,使地表及地下的岩溶作用均强烈发展,漏斗落水洞逐步扩大,遂形成今天看到的洼地。地壳相对稳定时期越长,洼地面积越大。在地壳间歇上升区,可以形成不同标高的洼地,或在溶蚀洼地之中形成类似“谷中谷”现象。该地区的浅洼地方种植玉米,山坡上种植根系发达的竹子。为提高当地居民的生活条件,政府出资在山坡上修建了很多小型的蓄水柜。
我们到达了里当乡民乐村,下车观察了此处的洼地。老师说洼地至少有一个排水口。这地区易旱易涝。旱是因为地下漏水,储存不住水。易涝是因为地下河有的地方管道过小,泥沙进入管道造成拥塞,来水太猛就无法消去,洪水一涨就淹没了洼地。我们仔细观看了白云母灰质岩。老师说由于冲蚀风化,生物作用如苔藓类植物作用,使岩层上逐渐形成土壤。我们还真看到岩层上面的小涡有一层薄细粒。不过我怀疑是风把周围的土吹上去的。老师拨开岩石下面的土壤,发现土壤掩盖的岩石部分很光滑。用手触摸感觉凉丝丝的,很湿滑。老师说这是土下溶蚀。我们还去看了传说中的地下河,感觉很平常,不像想象中那样急流、汹涌,倒像地沟水。用手触摸,没发现与平常水有什么不同。
五、流域地貌
河流是陆地表面的一种自然水体,是流水与地表相互作用的统一体。大气降水或地下涌出地表的水,汇集在地表低洼处,在策略作用下经常地或周期性地沿低洼的地方流动,就形成了河流。河流沿途接纳支流,形成的干支流系统,就是水系。每一条河流或每一个水系的流域。两相邻流域之间地面高程最高点的连线,就是两个水系的分水岭。水流不间断地作用于河谷,而河谷又反过来约束水流。两者相互作用形成了各种各样的河流地貌。
1、河流地貌过程
冲刷会使河床减低,扩大过水断面;而淤积引起河床抬高,缩小过水断面。由于过水断面的扩大或缩小,流速减小,输沙力降低,冲刷就逐渐停止。断面缩小,流速加大,输沙力加强,不再发生堆积。这种自反馈机制,称为河流的自动调节作用。它反映了水动力、泥沙与河床形态之间相互作用的关系。实际上,反映了水与岩石(包括松散沉积物)相互作用,塑造河流地貌的过程。
2、弯曲型河床
弯曲型河床是最常见的河床。河床曲率等于或大于1。5,平面上河床蜿蜓曲折,河漫滩宽广,深槽紧靠凹岸,最深点位于凹岸顶点偏下游处,河弯的曲率半径愈小,水深愈小,水深愈大。河床横断面不对称,凹岸深槽与凸岸边滩位于两个反向河弯之间转折点,通常称其为过渡段浅滩,故纵剖面亦具有阶梯状坡折。
弯曲河床的生成因素有多种,其中最主要的是单向环流作用。当水流经过微弯河床凸岸时在离心力作用下,水流射向凹岸,,使凹岸水位抬高,由此产生了水面横比降和横向压力,该力作用方向凸岸,力的大小由水面到水底相同。由于离心力在水面大,水底小,它与黄压力相加产生的合力方向是:表层向着凹岸,底层向着凸岸。水流也随着合力方向而运动,即表流流向凹岸,这样就构成了单向环流,由于它发生在弯道,故又称为弯道环流。这种环流与河流的纵向流水结合起来,构成了一种螺旋形的环流。单向环流与河流中射向凹岸的表面及其下降水流,流速大,侵蚀力强,结果使凹岸后退,其河道形成深槽。底流是从深槽流向凸岸的上升流,流速慢,搬运能力减弱,造成堆积,形成边滩。上、下两个深槽之间的过渡河段,也因上升流而堆积出河心浅滩。在凹岸不断侵蚀后退,凸岸不断堆积前移之下,原来微弯的河床也就变成弯曲河床了。
再往北东东方向前往宾阳不一会地形骤变,呈现在我们眼前的是宽阔无垠,绿油油的水稻。这是河流(红水河)扫出的的平坦地面,以弯曲河流扫荡为主。由于弯曲河流凹岸不断侵蚀后退,凸岸不断堆积乔移,日长月久就形成了平原。由于该地区水水份充足,光照条件好,因此可以大规模的种植水稻。冲击平原是人类文明发源较早的地区,经济发达,文化深厚。
我们前往大龙湖人工水库,途中我们下车观看了一条季节性河流冲出的河谷。现在河流已干涸,能看见许多的鹅卵石,这些鹅卵石大多是没有被磨圆的,说明河水冲刷不够。河周围生长着矮灌木丛,其中稔子树很多,正值花开时期,很漂亮。
我们原路返回马山县,在白沙镇观看了摆在路边的观赏石。由于此类观赏石在大化最为典型,因此也称为大化石。这类观赏石在红水河形成,成分主要是碳酸盐岩,经地热形成变质岩。由于形状怪异,自然构造美,因此具有一定的观赏价值。
接着,我们继续往东南方向前进,这是二叠纪石灰岩形成的峰丛,地势较平坦,种植水稻,坡上种植桉树。到达两江,我们沿河流上游走,真切看到河流的侧向侵蚀,凸岸露出一些鹅卵石。
老师指给我们看了河漫滩。当河流洪水泛滥时,除河床外,谷地部分也被淹没,被淹的河底滩地就是河漫滩,平水期初露。当河流发育到一定阶段,旁蚀(测蚀)作用占主导地位,河谷不断展宽,为河漫滩发育奠定了基础。分布在河床两侧洪水时被淹没的平整地面,叫做河漫滩。
通常情况下,v型谷的谷底几乎为河床所占据。粗粒沉积物一部分在河床上堆积,另外在河流凹岸地段,由于流速较缓也有堆积,形成滨河床浅滩。随着曲流的发展,浅滩不断展宽加高,以致在平水期大片露出水面形成雏形河漫滩,并与谷坡的坡积裙相连。这时因河谷还是比较狭窄,洪水期与平水期流速相差不大,所以雏形河漫滩上主要沉积了粗粒河床相的推移质沉积物,较细的悬移物质被带往河流下游。河谷再继续展宽,浅宽的滩上水流速度更加变小,即使在洪水期时粗粒碎屑物已不能被带上滩地,只有较细的悬移质能沉积在这里。这样,便形成了具有二元结构的河漫滩沉积。
而河漫滩沉积的表层往往为细粒的粘土和沙粉,而其下往往是粗粒的河床沉积物,这就是典型的二元相沉积结构。平原河流河漫滩具有二元沉积结构,下部是粗粒的河床相沉积,而且越近底部颗粒越粗,越到上部颗粒越细。河漫滩上层的细粒沉积物是洪水泛滥时悬移质沉积,多为粉砂淤泥。随距河床距离的增加,沉积物有逐渐变细和变薄的趋势。
河里和河岸的鹅卵石都是从大明山冲刷下来的。鹅卵石成分多种多样。有含有晶粒的石英,有易敲碎的泥岩和砂岩,有花斑洞的花岗岩,有较硬的变质岩,有黄铜矿、锡矿,花岗岩寒武纪轻变体,变质程度较深的铅变岩等。同学们拿着地质锤敲打各种岩石,辨别其成分,玩得不亦乐乎。
此次地貌野外实习课完满结束,我们学习到了很多课本上描述不是很清楚的东西。通过实践,我们收获了很多。
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地理实践报告格式篇七
陕西自然地理综合实
习报告
姓 名: 王士华 专 业: 地理科学
班 级: 20xx级教本3班 学 号: 20102613642 指导老师: 杜国云 孔祥生
20xx年xx月xx日
目录
前言
实习地点1:咸阳师范学院 实习地点2:口镇
实习地点3:咸阳乾县大北沟
实习地点4:张家山
实习地点5:咸阳历史博物馆
实习地点6:南五台国家森林公园
实习地点7:秦始皇兵马俑博物馆
引言
自然地理学是地理专业中的主干课程之一,它是一门实践性、区域性、地方性很强的科学,并在国民经济与生产建设中发挥着积极的作用。自然地理学研究的许多内容、资料、许多程序、环节、许多方法、手段,需要进行大量地实地调查、考证和分析。在教学实践中,自然地理学教学离不开实践教学这一重要环节。自然地理实践教学既是自然地理教学内容的基本组成部分,又是开展培养学生观察能力、动手能力和建立自然地理时、空方面的思维等方面的重要途径与手段。其目的是通过野外实习与实践活动,验证、落实课堂和书本上基本知识和基础理论,扩展学生的实践科学能力和整体素质,让学生初步掌握野外调察和研究的方法。为了更好地加强实践性教学环节,配合自然地理学的理论教学,以及适应省级试点课程“自然地理学”教学改革的需要,结合我院21世纪教改项目“自然地理野外实习方式及其考核指标体系研究”,根据地理学科特征和教学的具体要求在野外实践。
一、 实习目的
实习目的是对野外教学工作的总的目标和具体任务的叙述。自然地理野外实习的目标是要使我们得到综合的自然地理野外训练。实习内容包括了地质、地貌、土壤、植物、水文,以及相关的人文地理方面的内容,使我们在较短的实习时间内,能够接触比较多的和比较典型的自然地理内容,加深对课堂教学内容的理解,弥补课堂教学的不足。野外教学突出实践教学的特点,尤其是野外调查的方法和步骤。
野外工作方法中,包括地形图的判读,地质罗盘的作用及地质测量,地质地貌现象、植物等的观察与描述,上述这些方法与野外技能的训练对我们从事该专业的工作将奠定良好的野外工作基础。
二、实习时间
20xx年xx月xx日至20xx年xx月xx日
三、 实习地点
陕西省西安市。按实习的先后顺序,实习的地点依次为:口镇、冶峪河;乾县大北沟、水土保持所;张家山、泾惠渠;咸阳博物馆;南五台;秦始皇兵马俑,大雁塔等。
四、实习工具
罗盘,卷尺,gps,地质锤,植物标本夹等。
四、 实习区自然地理概况
陕西是远古文化的摇篮之一。陕西从西周起,就进入了一个新的历史发展时期。周族是陕西关中一个古老的部族。周人以周原为活动中心后,就有了文字记事,把卜辞和占卜有关的记事文字刻在骨片上,后来又在青铜器上铸刻铭文。周代的古阴阳历,就是我国最早的历法。秦阿房宫、秦始皇陵、汉阳陵、乾陵等都记录印证了博大精深的陕西古代文化,其中已开发的秦始皇兵马俑坑,就展现了一个巨大地下雕塑艺术宝库,反映出当时高超的艺术水平,是我国文化史上的一个光辉篇章,号称世界第七大奇迹。 当今的陕西犹如镶嵌在中国内陆腹地的一颗明珠,地处东经105°29′至110°15′、北纬31°42′至39°- 4 -35′之间,地域南北长、东西窄,南北长约880公里,东西宽
约160~490公里。全省纵跨黄河、长江两大水系,是第二亚欧大陆桥亚洲段的中心和中国西北、西南、华北、华中之间的门户,周边与山西、河南、湖北、四川、重庆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古8个省、市、区接壤,是国内邻接省区数量最多的省份,具有承东启西、连接南北的区位之便。总面积20.58万平方公里,常住人口为3762万人(20xx年),汉族人口占总人口的99.4%以上,境内还有回族、满族、蒙古族等。 陕西境内主要河流有黄河、渭河、汉江等。北山山脉、南山山脉(即秦岭)横断陕西,将全省分为三部分。境内最高峰为秦岭主峰太白山,秦岭的华山、终南山、骊山、五台山(南五台)、翠华山都久负盛名。境内第一大淡水湖为红碱淖。 当今的陕西犹如镶嵌在中国内陆腹地的一颗明珠,地处东经105°29′至110°15′、北纬31°42′至39°35′之间,地域南北长、东西窄,南北长约880公里,东西宽约160~490公里。全省纵跨黄河、长江两大水系,是第二亚欧大陆桥亚洲段的中心和中国西北、西南、华北、华中之间的门户,周边与山西、河南、湖北、四川、重庆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古8个省、市、区接壤,是国内邻接省区数量最多的省份,具有承东启西、连接南北的区位之便。总面积20.58万平方公里,常住人口为3762万人(20xx年),汉族人口占总人口的99.4%以上,境内还有回族、满族、蒙古族等。
五、 实习路线
咸阳师范学院
地理实践报告格式篇八
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地理实践报告格式篇十
绪论:自然地理实习是自然地理教学中十分重要的教学环节,是使学生在课程理论学习基础上,通过对基本自然地理(地质、地貌、土壤、植物、水文等)现象的野外实地考察和现场实践获得感性知识,并巩固和加深对所学理论理解,获得理论与实际相结合能力的必要手段。搞好实习工作对于提高学生理论联系实际的能力,提高自然地理课程的教学水平具有重要意义。
考察地点:
考察时间:
考察目的和要求:
1,通过实习,使学生初步了解安顺主要地貌类型,基本特征及其分布规律,并分析其成因。了解地质、水文、气候、土壤与植被对地貌发育,地貌灾害与防治的影响。
2,使学生学习掌握地貌野外考察全过程的程序和方法,包括资料收集、野外观测、标本与样品的采集等
3,通过实习,使学生将理论知识与实践相结合,培养学生实践能力。了解掌握有关一起和工具(罗盘,海拔仪等)的使用原理和方法。
考察内容;
1,认识安顺主要的地貌类型及其特征。
2,通过对地形图地貌的判读,观察安顺地貌的分布规律。
3,认识地貌灾害(水土流失、土地荒漠化、滑坡等)及防治。
4,初步分析地貌对农业产业布局的影响。
1,观测河流侵蚀地貌特征。
2,观测河流阶地地貌特征。
3,观测河流凹凸岸的流水作用特征。
4,观测河流干流交汇处的地貌特征。
1,观测地表喀斯特地貌特征和分布规律。
2,观测地下喀斯特地貌特征和分布规律。
3,观测喀斯特地貌对农业发展的影响。
实习心得:通过者一次的野外考察,同学们不仅讷讷挂钩亲自动手来操作实验,而且还置身于不同的地质,地貌类型之中使我们的理论知识与实际得到了联接,补充了我们平时在学校学习生活中的空缺。其次,通过这样的考察,提升了同学们的学习热情,不管杂实习前和考察后,我们的同学都认真的投入到准备资料和收集数据成果的过程中,学习气氛更加浓厚。第三,在考察过程中,同学们不仅能够互相帮助,而且还能在考察,实验中互相协作,这使得同学们之间的感情得到了增强,集体感更加强烈,对我们以后的学习和生活都是很好的帮助。
沿贯城河考察:
地点 :
水温:
ph值:
透明度:
经过分析此水为劣五类水,造成贯城河污染的原因有:
(1)大气降水
(2)农田排水
(3)城市生活污水
(4)工业废水
(5)工业废渣和城市垃圾淋溶水
测水深:用一根绳子吊一个大石头沉入水流底部,然后读取数据。
测透明度:先套上盘子再吊上石头沉入水中直到看不到盘子为止。
第7小组测量结果:
实习心得:通过者一次的野外考察,同学们不仅讷讷挂钩亲自动手来操作实验,而且还置身于不同的水文条件之中使我们的理论知识与实际得到了联接,补充了我们平时在学校学习生活中的空缺。其次,通过这样的考察,提升了同学们的学习热情,不管杂实习前和考察后,我们的同学都认真的投入到准备资料和收集数据成果的过程中,学习气氛更加浓厚。第三,在考察过程中,同学们不仅能够互相帮助,而且还能在考察,实验中互相协作,这使得同学们之间的感情得到了增强,集体感更加强烈,对我们以后的学习和生活都是很好的帮助。
实习地点:
试验方法:
罗盘的使用主要是中央的磁针,天池外的内盘是钢制的,天池底色一般是白色的,底部划有一红色直线,有一端是有两个红点在红线的左右,红线是以南北定位的,有红点的一方是子方(正北方),另一端是午方(正南方),上面有一根很灵敏的磁针,磁针有一端是有一个小孔的。
使用罗盘时,双手分左右把持着外盘,双脚略为分开,将罗盘放在胸腹之间的位置上,保持罗盘水平状态,不要左高右低,或者前高后低。然后以你的背靠为坐,面对为向,开始立向。
这个时候,罗盘上的十字鱼丝线应该与屋的正前、正后、正左、正右的四正位重合,如果十字线立的向不准,那么,所测的坐向就会出现偏差的了。
固定了十字鱼丝的位置之后,用双手的大拇指动内盘,当内盘转动时,天池会随之而转动。一直将内盘转动至磁针静止下来,与天池内的红线重叠在一起为止。
有一点是非常重要的,就是磁针有小孔的一端必须与红线上的两个小红点重合,位置不能互掉。这时显示坐向方的鱼丝线(是横的那一条)与内盘各层相交。我们要找寻的各种数据和资料,就显示在这条鱼丝线所穿越和涵盖的区域上。
然而,罗盘上有十多二十层,究竟那一层才是坐向呢?就是二十四山那一层了。
它就在天池附近。鱼线向方上的那一个“山”,我们用它表示向,鱼丝坐方上的那一个“山”,我们用它表示坐。
譬如说,向山是子,坐山是午,我们便称之为坐午向子。知道自己宅中的坐向后,将罗盘放在全屋的中心点,便可以由坐向求出全屋的方位(或宫位)。
关岭国家地质公园:
关岭国家地质公园位于安顺以西100公里,花江大峡谷北岸新铺乡,是世界上第一个以展示2。2亿年前(晚三叠世)海生爬行动物和海百合化石为特色的国家地质公园。200多平方公里范围内普遍出露的三叠纪海相地层中,埋藏有2。2亿年前古生物海百合、菊石、蚌类、海龙、鱼龙、楯齿龙等化石,共同构成了极其丰富、美妙的古深海系统。出土化石的种类多而且数量大,体形完整,形态精美,具有极其重要的科研价值和观赏价值。龙化石经专家研究,首次用“中国龙”、“关岭鱼龙”、“瓦窑龙”、“新铺鱼龙”、“贵州鱼龙”等地名命名龙的种属。
实习心得:通过学习我了解到,产生地质作用的力。来自地球内部的称为内能,主要有地内热能、重力能、地球旋转能、化学能和结晶能。来自地球外部的称为外能,主要有太阳辐射热、位能、潮汐能和生物能等。
更重要的是罗盘的使用方法,为以后的实习打好了基础。
综合自然地理实习报告:
实习地点:
实习内容:
土壤的容重:
1,用环刀取土,两边用刀削平。
2,用天平称出环刀和土的质量。
3,用天平称出环刀和石子的质量。
4,算出环刀的体积,石子体积,201.816立方厘米。
最终算出结果为:1.8克/立方厘米
土壤质地:成细条,易断裂,为中壤土
酸碱度:
土壤含水量:取一块土,先称出其质量(15克),再把其烘干,再称其质量(12克),算出水分的质量(3克),然后用水的质量除以总质量即为土壤含水量(1/5)。
土壤结构:土壤结构是土壤固相颗粒(包括团聚体)的大小及其空间排列的形式,不仅影响植物生长所需的土壤水分河养分的储量与供应能力,而且还左右土壤中气体交流、热量平衡、微生物活动及根系的延伸等。
土壤是由固体、液体和气体三类物质组成的。固体物质包括土壤矿物质、有机质和微生物等。液体物质主要指土壤水分。气体是存在于土壤孔隙中的空气。土壤中这三类物质构成了一个矛盾的统一体。它们互相联系,互相制约,为作物提供必需的生活条件,是土壤肥力的物质基础
实习心得:通过学习我认识到土壤学的主要研究内容包括土壤组成;土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性;土壤的发生和演变;土壤的.分类和分布;土壤的肥力特征以及土壤的开发利用改良和保护等。其目的在于为合理利用土壤资源、消除土壤低产因素、防止土壤退化和提高土壤肥力水平等提供理论依据和科学方法。
总结:经过为期五天的实习考察,我对综合自然地理的了解更为深刻,不仅更好的完善了野外知识,而且更是对课堂知识做了更好的补充。更多的了解地质地貌,水文土壤在现实生活中的形态特征,完善了我们的知识体系,让我们明白了地理科学研究的价值所在,意义深刻,终生难忘!
1,希望每个学年都能有这样的实习考察机会。
2,在以后的野外考察中能多做点不同的实验,以及给我们多讲解不同的机械仪器的原理和使用方法。
3,以后的考察地点能更具有代表性。
4,以后的试验希望能够很好的带动同学的集体,协作意识。
1,能够延长考察时间,使同学们更好的掌握考察知识。
2,希望能够出省,考察到外省一些好的人文,自然地理资料。
3,希望能和别的高校进行学术交流。
地理实践报告格式篇十一
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地理实践报告格式篇十二
第一章、齐齐哈尔——大连沿途主要城市经济特点
这次从齐齐哈尔到大连乘坐2210次列车,沿途主要经过了大庆,沈阳,长春,铁岭,沈阳,鞍山等市,这些城市经济各有特点,以下是一些介绍。
简介
大庆位于黑龙江省西部、松嫩平原西部,为中国第一大油田、世界第十大油田大庆油田所在地;是一座以石油、石化为支柱产业的的新兴城市。大庆是中国最大的陆上油田和重要的石油化工基地,。自二十世纪建市以来,累计出产原油二十多亿吨,上缴利税一万七千亿元人民币,出口创汇五百多亿美元。 经济综述
大庆的经济主要依赖石油,十一五期间,经济发展实现整体跨越以原油持续4000万吨稳产为标志,百年油田建设稳步推进;截至十一五计划结束,大庆市地区生产总值由1400亿元增长到2900亿元,地方经济增加值由310亿元增长到1100亿元,固定资产投资由302亿元增长到1036亿元,粮食总产由47.4亿斤增长到101.1亿斤,社会消费品零售总额由216.8亿元增长到591亿元,地方财政收入由70亿元增长到175.5亿元,主要指标都翻一番以上,实现历史性突破。以原油持续4000万吨稳产为标志,百年油田建设稳步推进;以120万吨乙烯改扩建为标志,石化产业战略升级;以沃尔沃汽车等产业龙头项目引进为标志,地方工业突破发展;以建成百亿斤粮食产能基地为标志,现代农业实现跨越;以北国之春梦幻城和新华08国际石油资讯中心开工建设为标志,服务业加快提升。地方经济总量突破千亿元,油与非油经济比例由65:35调整到52:48,万元gdp综合能耗下降20%,发展方式不断转变,经济结构持续优化。大庆综合实力位列全国地级城市第21位。大庆油区是中国屈指可数的几个大型油区之一。除石油勘探和油田开发外,石油炼制、石油化工工业发展很快石油化工产品有燃料油、润滑油、化纤、化肥、乙烯等80多种。随着石油工业的发展,建材、轻纺、塑料、食品加工、装备制造等工业也得到发展。油化支撑、地方壮大,工业经济持续快速增长。20xx年,大庆市实现工业增加值2320亿元、增长11.3%。原油保持稳产。生产原油4000万吨、天然气30亿立方米,实现增加值1500亿元、增长1.8%。石化扩能增效。120万吨柴油加氢、5.2万吨聚丙烯酰胺等项目建成投
产,120万吨乙烯改扩建、30万吨聚丙烯二期等大项目加快推进,规模以上石化工业实现增加值360亿元、增长27.8%。地方工业高速增长。建设投资千万元以上项目245个,其中亿元以上项目72个。大庆联谊石化恢复生产、实现销售收入20亿元,展华生化科技等企业加快壮大,全市净增规模以上企业181家,规模以上地方工业实现增加值290亿元、增长55%。园区经济加快发展。高新区实现工业增加值261亿元、增长56%,倍增目标如期实现。经开区、林源工业区以及各县区专业园区功能整体提升,全市园区工业增加值增长55%。
地方工业是推动大庆发展的又一支重要力量。近三年来,地方工业一直保持40%左右的增长速度,形成了石化和农产品加工、纺织、新材料、机械制造、电子信息“1+5”的接续产业发展格局,金锣、奥维、华科、大庆盛永家蝇、日月星、惠尔康等一批企业迅速做大做强,辟建了大豆产业园、精细化工园、皮革城、轻纺城、石蜡工业园、橡胶工业园、注塑城、塑编城等19个优势产业园区,初步形成了产业集群。20xx年全市地方工业实现增加值130亿元,同比增长40.7%。大庆国家级高新技术产业开发区是中国唯一一个依托石油、石化优势创建的国家级高新技术产业开发区,20xx年实现技工贸总收入322亿元,工业总产值229亿元,工业增加值56亿元,利税26亿元。
简介
长春,东北地区中心城市之一。中国区域性中心城市之一。中国最大的汽车工业城市。中国第一汽车集团公司和长春电影制片厂座落於此,是中华人民共和国最早的汽车工业基地和电影制作基地。长春是吉林省省会,东北地区的政治、经济、文化、金融、贸易和交通中心。
经济综述
20xx年长春全市gdp实现4040亿元,增长15.2%;全口径财政收入实现800亿元,增长42%,地方财政收入实现283亿元,增长56.5%;规上工业总产值实现7000亿元,增长23%;固定资产投资按新口径累计完成2450亿元,同比增长30%;城市居民人均可支配收入和农民人均纯收入分别达到20400元和7400元,分别增长14%和12%。主要经济指标增幅继续位居15个副省级城市前列。
长春的投资环境日臻完善,拥有国际、国内航线三十四条,铁路、公路四通
八达,已同世界一百八十多个国家和地区实现长途电话直拨和图文传送。九八年市政府相继出台了鼓励外商投资、鼓励国内投资、进一步改善投资软环境等一系列政策规定,良好的投资环境吸引了许多国际知名的大公司纷纷来长春投资兴业。目前,长春地区已有外商投资企业二千多家。已同日本的仙台、英国的伯明翰、美国的小石城、加拿大的温泽等十一个城市结为友好城市,与六十多个国家和地区建立了稳定的经贸关系。长春地处世界三大黄金玉米带——吉林黄金玉米带的核心区域,农业高度发达。中国十个产粮大县有七八个来自吉林省,而其中大半位于长春平原。围绕农业以及农产品深加工带动长春农牧业发展动力强劲,20xx年长春的玉米深加工能力超过美国,居世界第一。长春皓月集团是世界上最大的清真食品生产加工企业,其清真产品远销中东和阿拉伯世界,赢得广泛赞誉。
简介
铁岭市是辽宁省14个省辖地级城市之一,位于辽宁省北部,松辽平原中段。建国60多年来,特别是改革开放以来,铁岭经济建设日新月异,已成为闻名全国的粮食主产区、优质农产品生产加工基地和新兴的煤电能源之城。
经济综述
农业
铁岭素有“辽北粮仓”之称,拥有4个全国商品粮基地县,正常年景全市粮食总产量25亿公斤以上,其中玉米20亿公斤,出口量占全省三分之二。铁岭是辽宁省畜牧业生产基地,全市肉牛、生猪、鹿、羊和家禽饲养量已分别达到126万头、328.5万头、2.5万只、55.2万只和8660万只。西丰县、昌图县、铁岭县、开原市为全国桔杆养牛示范县,铁岭市是全国桔杆养牛示范区;昌图县、开原市、铁岭县为全国瘦肉型商品猪基地县;“昌图黑猪”是辽宁省地方优良品种;昌图县被国家命名为“中国豁鹅之乡”;西丰参茸药材市场为中国东北地区最大的参茸集散地。全市蔬菜种植面积达117万亩,年产量270万吨。其中保护地面积达26万亩,年产各类鲜细蔬菜160万吨。
工业
现有机械、电子、冶金、煤炭、橡塑、食品、制革、医药、化工、纺织等35个