2023年数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版(18篇)
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们一起来看一看吧。
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇一
本节课主要是在学生学习了有理数概念的基础上,从标有刻度的温度计表示温度高低这一事例出发,引出数轴的画法和用数轴上的点表示数的方法,初步向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,以使学生借助直观的图形来理解有理数的有关问题。数轴不仅是学生学习相反数、绝对值等有理数知识的重要工具,还是以后学好不等式的解法、函数图象及其性质等内容的必要基础知识。
根据新课标的要求及七年级学生的认知水平我特制定的本节课的教学目标如下:
1.使学生理解数轴的三要素,会画数轴。
2.能将已知的有理数在数轴上表示出来,能说出数轴上的已知点所表示的有理数,理解所有的有理数都可以用数轴上的点表示
3.向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,让学生知道数学来源于实践,培养学生对数学的学习兴趣。
正确理解数轴的概念和有理数在数轴上的表示方法是本节课的教学重点,建立有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系(数与形的结合)是本节课的教学难点。
⑴知识掌握上,七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,所以应全面系统的去讲述。
⑵学生学习本节课的知识障碍。学生对数轴概念和数轴的三要素,学生不易理解,容易造成画图中掉三落四的现象,所以教学中教师应予以简单明白、深入浅出的分析。
⑶由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征和生理特征,学生好动性,注意力易分散,爱发表见解,希望得到老师的表扬等特点,所以在教学中应抓住学生这一生理心理特点,一方面要运用直观生动的形象,引发学生的兴趣,使他们的注意力始终集中在课堂上;另一方面要创造条件和机会,让学生发表见解,发挥学生学习的主动性。
⑷心理上,学生对数学课的兴趣,老师应抓住这有利因素,引导学生认识到数学课的科学性,学好数学有利于其他学科的学习以及学科知识的渗透性。
由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征,他们往往需要依赖直观具体形象的图形的年龄特点,以及七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,也为使课堂生动、有趣、高效,特将整节课以观察、思考、讨论贯穿于整个教学环节之中,采用启发式教学法和师生互动式教学模式,注意师生之间的情感交流,并教给学生“多观察、动脑想、大胆猜、勤钻研”的研讨式学习方法。教学中积极利用板书和练习中的图形,向学生提供更多的活动机会和空间,使学生在动脑、动手、动口的过程中获得充足的体验和发展,从而培养学生的数形结合的思想。
教学引入
师:教材在《四边形》这一章《引言》里有这样一句话:把一个长方形折叠就可以得到一个正方形。现在请同学们拿出一个长方形纸条,按动画所示进行折叠处理。
动画演示:
场景一:正方形折叠演示
师:这就是我们得到的正方形。下面请同学们拿出三角板(刻度尺)和圆规,我们来研究正方形的几何性质—边、角以及对角线之间的关系。请大家测量各边的长度、各角的大小、对角线的长度以及对角线交点到各顶点的长度。
[学生活动:各自测量。]
鼓励学生将测量结果与邻近同学进行比较,找出共同点。
讲授新课
找一两个学生表述其结论,表述是要注意纠正其语言的规范性。
动画演示:
场景二:正方形的性质
师:这些性质里那些是矩形的性质?
[学生活动:寻找矩形性质。]
动画演示:
场景三:矩形的性质
师:同样在这些性质里寻找属于菱形的性质。
[学生活动;寻找菱形性质。]
动画演示:
场景四:菱形的性质
师:这说明正方形具有矩形和菱形的全部性质。
及时提出问题,引导学生进行思考。
师:根据这些性质,我们能不能给正方形下一个定义?怎么样给正方形下一个准确的定义?
[学生活动:积极思考,有同学做跃跃欲试状。]
师:请同学们回想矩形与菱形的定义,可以根据矩形与菱形的定义类似的给出正方形的定义。
学生应能够向出十种左右的定义方式,其余作相应鼓励,把以下三种板书:
“有一组邻边相等的矩形叫做正方形。”
“有一个角是直角的菱形叫做正方形。”
“有一个角是直角且有一组邻边相等的平行四边形叫做正方形。”
[学生活动:讨论这三个定义正确不正确?三个定义之间有什么共同和不同的地方?这出教材中采用的是第三种定义方式。]
师:根据定义,我们把平行四边形、矩形、菱形和正方形它们之间的关系梳理一下。
为充分发挥学生的主体性和教师的主导辅助作用,教学过程中设计了七个教学环节:
(一)、温故知新,激发情趣
(二)、得出定义,揭示内涵
(三)、手脑并用,深入理解
(四)、启发诱导,初步运用
(五)、反馈矫正,注重参与
(六)、归纳小结,强化思想
(七)、布置作业,引导预习
(一)、温故知新,激发情趣:
首先复习提问:有理数包括那些数?学生回答后让大家讨论:你能找出用刻度表示这些数的实例吗?学生会举出很多例子,但是由于温度计与数轴最为接近,它又是学生熟悉的带刻度的度量工具,所以在教学中我将用它来抽象概括为数轴这一数学模型,于是让学生观察一组温度计,并提问:
(1)零上5°c用5表示。
(2)零下15°c用-15表示。
(3)0°c用0表示。
然后让大家想一想:能否与温度计类似,在一条直线上画上刻度,标出读数,用直线上的点表示正数、负数和0呢?答案是肯定的,从而引出课题:数轴。结合实例使学生以轻松愉快的心情进入了本节课的学习,也使学生体会到数学来源于实践,同时对新知识的学习有了期待,为顺利完成教学任务作了思想上的准备。
(二)、得出定义,揭示内涵:
教师设问:到底什么是数轴?如何画数轴呢?
(1)画直线,取原点(这里说明在直线上任取一点作为原点,这点表示0,数轴画成水平位置是为了读、画方便,同时也为了有美的感觉。)
(2)标正方向(这里说明我们在水平位置的数轴上规定从原点向右为正方向是习惯与方便所作,由于我们只能画出直线的一部分,因此标上箭头指明正方向,并表示无限延伸。)
(3)选取单位长度,标数(这里说明任选适当的长度作为单位长度,标数时从原点向右每隔一个单位长度取一点,依次表示1、2、3…负数反之。单位长度的长短,可根据实际情况而定,但同一单位长度所表示的量要相同。)
由于画数轴是本节课的教学重点,教师板书这三个步骤,给学生以示范。
画完数轴后教师引导学生讨论:“怎样用数学语言来描述数轴?”(通过教师的亲切的语言启发学生,以培养师生间的默契)
通过讨论由师生共同得到数轴的定义:规定了原点、正方向和单位长度的直线叫做数轴。
至此,我们将一个具体的事物“温度计”经过抽象而概括为一个数学概念“数轴”,使学生初步体验到一个从实践到理论的认识过程。
(三)、手脑并用,深入理解:
1、让学生讨论:下列图形哪些是数轴,哪些不是,为什么?
a、
b、
c、
d、
e、
f、
a、b、c三个图形从数轴的三要素出发,d和f是学生可能出现的错误,给学生足够的观察、思考的时间然后展开充分的讨论,教师参与到学生的讨论之中去接触学生,认识学生,关注学生。
2、为进一步强化概念,在对数轴有了正确认识的基础上,请大家在练习本上画一个数轴,(请同学画在黑板上)
学生在画数轴时教师巡视并予以个别指导,关注学生的个体发展,画完后教师给出评价,如“很好”“很规范”“老师相信你,你一定行”等语言来激励学生,以促进学生的发展;并强调:原点、正方向和单位长度是数轴的三要素,画数轴时这三要素缺一不可。
我设计以上两个练习,一个是动脑想,通过分析、判断正误来加深对正确概念的理解;一个是通过动手操作加深对概念的理解。
(四)、启发诱导,初步运用:
有了数轴以后,所有的有理数都可以表示在数轴上,那么反过来,数轴上的点是否只表示有理数呢?作为一个问题我让学生去思考,为后面实数的学习埋下伏笔,这里不再展开。
安排课本23页的例1,
利用黑板上的例题图形让学生来操作,教师提出要求:
1、要把点标在线上2、要把数标在点的上方
通过学生实际操作,可以加深对数轴的理解,进一步掌握用数轴上的点表示数的方法,同时激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生的积极性,从而使学生真正成为教学的主体。
当然,此题还可以再说出几个有理数让学生去标点,好让更多的学生去展示自己,并进一步让学生从中感受已知有理数能用数轴上的点表示,从而加深对数形结合思想的理解。
(五)、反馈矫正,注重参与:
为巩固本节的教学重点让学生独立完成:
1、课本23页练习1、2
2、课本23页3题的(给全体学生以示范性让一个同学板书)
为向学生进一步渗透数形结合的思想让学生讨论:
3、数轴上的点p与表示有理数3的点a距离是2,
(1)试确定点p表示的有理数;
(2)将a向右移动2个单位到b点,点b表示的有理数是多少?
(3)再由b点向左移动9个单位到c点,则c点表示的有理数是多少?
先让学生通过小组讨论得出结果,通过以上练习使学生在掌握知识的基础上达到灵活运用,形成一定的能力。
(六)、归纳小结,强化思想:
根据学生的特点,师生共同小结:
1、为了巩固本节课的教学重点提问:你知道什么是数轴吗?你会画数轴吗?这节课你学会了用什么来表示有理数?
2、数轴上,会不会有两个点表示同一个有理数?会不会有一个点表示两个不同的有理数?
让学生牢固掌握一个有理数只对应数轴上的一个点,并能说出数轴上已知点所表示的有理数。
(七)、布置作业,引导预习:
为面向全体学生,安排如下:
1、全体学生必做课本25页1、2、3
2、最后布置一个思考题:
与温度计类似,数轴上两个不同的点所表示的两个有理数大小关系如何?
(来引导学生养成预习的学习习惯)
板书设计:(略)
总之,在教学过程中,我始终注意发挥学生的主体作用,让学生通过自主、探究、合作学习来主动发现结论,实现师生互动,通过这样的教学实践取得了良好的教学效果,我认识到教师不仅要教给学生知识,更要培养学生良好的数学素养和学习习惯,让学生学会学习,才能使自己真正成为一名受学生欢迎的好教师。
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇二
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇三
本节课主要是在学生学习了有理数概念的基础上,从标有刻度的温度计表示温度高低这一事例出发,引出数轴的画法和用数轴上的点表示数的方法,初步向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,以使学生借助直观的图形来理解有理数的有关问题。数轴不仅是学生学习相反数、绝对值等有理数知识的重要工具,还是以后学好不等式的解法、函数图象及其性质等内容的必要基础知识。
根据新课标的要求及七年级学生的认知水平我特制定的本节课的教学目标如下:
1.使学生理解数轴的三要素,会画数轴。
2.能将已知的有理数在数轴上表示出来,能说出数轴上的已知点所表示的有理数,理解所有的有理数都可以用数轴上的点表示
3.向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,让学生知道数学来源于实践,培养学生对数学的学习兴趣。
正确理解数轴的概念和有理数在数轴上的表示方法是本节课的教学重点,建立有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系(数与形的结合)是本节课的教学难点。
⑴知识掌握上,七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,所以应全面系统的去讲述。
⑵学生学习本节课的知识障碍。学生对数轴概念和数轴的三要素,学生不易理解,容易造成画图中掉三落四的现象,所以教学中教师应予以简单明白、深入浅出的分析。
⑶由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征和生理特征,学生好动性,注意力易分散,爱发表见解,希望得到老师的表扬等特点,所以在教学中应抓住学生这一生理心理特点,一方面要运用直观生动的形象,引发学生的兴趣,使他们的注意力始终集中在课堂上;另一方面要创造条件和机会,让学生发表见解,发挥学生学习的主动性。
⑷心理上,学生对数学课的兴趣,老师应抓住这有利因素,引导学生认识到数学课的科学性,学好数学有利于其他学科的学习以及学科知识的渗透性。
由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征,他们往往需要依赖直观具体形象的图形的年龄特点,以及七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,也为使课堂生动、有趣、高效,特将整节课以观察、思考、讨论贯穿于整个教学环节之中,采用启发式教学法和师生互动式教学模式,注意师生之间的情感交流,并教给学生“多观察、动脑想、大胆猜、勤钻研”的研讨式学习方法。教学中积极利用板书和练习中的图形,向学生提供更多的活动机会和空间,使学生在动脑、动手、动口的过程中获得充足的体验和发展,从而培养学生的数形结合的思想。
教学引入
师:教材在《四边形》这一章《引言》里有这样一句话:把一个长方形折叠就可以得到一个正方形。现在请同学们拿出一个长方形纸条,按动画所示进行折叠处理。
动画演示:
场景一:正方形折叠演示
师:这就是我们得到的正方形。下面请同学们拿出三角板(刻度尺)和圆规,我们来研究正方形的几何性质—边、角以及对角线之间的关系。请大家测量各边的长度、各角的大小、对角线的长度以及对角线交点到各顶点的长度。
[学生活动:各自测量。]
鼓励学生将测量结果与邻近同学进行比较,找出共同点。
讲授新课
找一两个学生表述其结论,表述是要注意纠正其语言的规范性。
动画演示:
场景二:正方形的性质
师:这些性质里那些是矩形的性质?
[学生活动:寻找矩形性质。]
动画演示:
场景三:矩形的性质
师:同样在这些性质里寻找属于菱形的性质。
[学生活动;寻找菱形性质。]
动画演示:
场景四:菱形的性质
师:这说明正方形具有矩形和菱形的全部性质。
及时提出问题,引导学生进行思考。
师:根据这些性质,我们能不能给正方形下一个定义?怎么样给正方形下一个准确的定义?
[学生活动:积极思考,有同学做跃跃欲试状。]
师:请同学们回想矩形与菱形的定义,可以根据矩形与菱形的定义类似的给出正方形的定义。
学生应能够向出十种左右的定义方式,其余作相应鼓励,把以下三种板书:
“有一组邻边相等的矩形叫做正方形。”
“有一个角是直角的菱形叫做正方形。”
“有一个角是直角且有一组邻边相等的平行四边形叫做正方形。”
[学生活动:讨论这三个定义正确不正确?三个定义之间有什么共同和不同的地方?这出教材中采用的是第三种定义方式。]
师:根据定义,我们把平行四边形、矩形、菱形和正方形它们之间的关系梳理一下。
为充分发挥学生的主体性和教师的主导辅助作用,教学过程中设计了七个教学环节:
(一)、温故知新,激发情趣
(二)、得出定义,揭示内涵
(三)、手脑并用,深入理解
(四)、启发诱导,初步运用
(五)、反馈矫正,注重参与
(六)、归纳小结,强化思想
(七)、布置作业,引导预习
六:教学程序设计:
(一)、温故知新,激发情趣:
首先复习提问:有理数包括那些数?学生回答后让大家讨论:你能找出用刻度表示这些数的实例吗?学生会举出很多例子,但是由于温度计与数轴最为接近,它又是学生熟悉的带刻度的度量工具,所以在教学中我将用它来抽象概括为数轴这一数学模型,于是让学生观察一组温度计,并提问:
(1)零上5°c用5表示。
(2)零下15°c用-15表示。
(3)0°c用0表示。
然后让大家想一想:能否与温度计类似,在一条直线上画上刻度,标出读数,用直线上的点表示正数、负数和0呢?答案是肯定的,从而引出课题:数轴。结合实例使学生以轻松愉快的心情进入了本节课的学习,也使学生体会到数学来源于实践,同时对新知识的学习有了期待,为顺利完成教学任务作了思想上的准备。
(二)、得出定义,揭示内涵:
教师设问:到底什么是数轴?如何画数轴呢?
(1)画直线,取原点(这里说明在直线上任取一点作为原点,这点表示0,数轴画成水平位置是为了读、画方便,同时也为了有美的感觉。)
(2)标正方向(这里说明我们在水平位置的数轴上规定从原点向右为正方向是习惯与方便所作,由于我们只能画出直线的一部分,因此标上箭头指明正方向,并表示无限延伸。)
(3)选取单位长度,标数(这里说明任选适当的长度作为单位长度,标数时从原点向右每隔一个单位长度取一点,依次表示1、2、3…负数反之。单位长度的长短,可根据实际情况而定,但同一单位长度所表示的量要相同。)
由于画数轴是本节课的教学重点,教师板书这三个步骤,给学生以示范。
画完数轴后教师引导学生讨论:“怎样用数学语言来描述数轴?”(通过教师的亲切的语言启发学生,以培养师生间的默契)
通过讨论由师生共同得到数轴的定义:规定了原点、正方向和单位长度的直线叫做数轴。
至此,我们将一个具体的事物“温度计”经过抽象而概括为一个数学概念“数轴”,使学生初步体验到一个从实践到理论的认识过程。
(三)、手脑并用,深入理解:
1、让学生讨论:下列图形哪些是数轴,哪些不是,为什么?
a、
b、
c、
d、
e、
f、
a、b、c三个图形从数轴的三要素出发,d和f是学生可能出现的错误,给学生足够的观察、思考的时间然后展开充分的讨论,教师参与到学生的讨论之中去接触学生,认识学生,关注学生。
2、为进一步强化概念,在对数轴有了正确认识的基础上,请大家在练习本上画一个数轴,(请同学画在黑板上)
学生在画数轴时教师巡视并予以个别指导,关注学生的个体发展,画完后教师给出评价,如“很好”“很规范”“老师相信你,你一定行”等语言来激励学生,以促进学生的发展;并强调:原点、正方向和单位长度是数轴的三要素,画数轴时这三要素缺一不可。
我设计以上两个练习,一个是动脑想,通过分析、判断正误来加深对正确概念的理解;一个是通过动手操作加深对概念的理解。
(四)、启发诱导,初步运用:
有了数轴以后,所有的有理数都可以表示在数轴上,那么反过来,数轴上的点是否只表示有理数呢?作为一个问题我让学生去思考,为后面实数的学习埋下伏笔,这里不再展开。
安排课本23页的例1,
利用黑板上的例题图形让学生来操作,教师提出要求:
1、要把点标在线上2、要把数标在点的上方
通过学生实际操作,可以加深对数轴的理解,进一步掌握用数轴上的点表示数的方法,同时激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生的积极性,从而使学生真正成为教学的主体。
当然,此题还可以再说出几个有理数让学生去标点,好让更多的学生去展示自己,并进一步让学生从中感受已知有理数能用数轴上的点表示,从而加深对数形结合思想的理解。
(五)、反馈矫正,注重参与:
为巩固本节的教学重点让学生独立完成:
1、课本23页练习1、2
2、课本23页3题的`(给全体学生以示范性让一个同学板书)
为向学生进一步渗透数形结合的思想让学生讨论:
3、数轴上的点p与表示有理数3的点a距离是2,
(1)试确定点p表示的有理数;
(2)将a向右移动2个单位到b点,点b表示的有理数是多少?
(3)再由b点向左移动9个单位到c点,则c点表示的有理数是多少?
先让学生通过小组讨论得出结果,通过以上练习使学生在掌握知识的基础上达到灵活运用,形成一定的能力。
(六)、归纳小结,强化思想:
根据学生的特点,师生共同小结:
1、为了巩固本节课的教学重点提问:你知道什么是数轴吗?你会画数轴吗?这节课你学会了用什么来表示有理数?
2、数轴上,会不会有两个点表示同一个有理数?会不会有一个点表示两个不同的有理数?
让学生牢固掌握一个有理数只对应数轴上的一个点,并能说出数轴上已知点所表示的有理数。
(七)、布置作业,引导预习:
为面向全体学生,安排如下:
1、全体学生必做课本25页1、2、3
2、最后布置一个思考题:
与温度计类似,数轴上两个不同的点所表示的两个有理数大小关系如何?
(来引导学生养成预习的学习习惯)
七:板书设计:(略)
总之,在教学过程中,我始终注意发挥学生的主体作用,让学生通过自主、探究、合作学习来主动发现结论,实现师生互动,通过这样的教学实践取得了良好的教学效果,我认识到教师不仅要教给学生知识,更要培养学生良好的数学素养和学习习惯,让学生学会学习,才能使自己真正成为一名受学生欢迎的好教师。
本套试题本着突出能力,注重基础,有创新的命题原则。突出了数学学科是基础的学科,八年级数学在中考中占的比例又大的特点,在坚持全面考察学生的数学知识、方法和数学思想的基础上,积极探索试题的创新,试卷层次分明、难易有度,既有对基础知识、基本技能的基础题,又有对数学思想、数学方法的领悟及数学思维的水平客观上存在差异的区分题,试题的立意鲜明,取材新颖、设计巧妙,贴近学生生活实际,体现了时代气息与人文精神的要求。题型丰富多样,包括了选择题、填空题、解答题等,既考查了学生本学期开学以来学习的基础知识,又考查了学生的学习态度以及用所学数学知识解决问题的力。
二、试题的结构、特点的分析
1.试题结构的分析
本套试题满分100分,三道大题包含25道小题,其中客观性题目占30分,主观性题目占70分。
2.试题的特点
(1)强调能力,注重对数学思维过程、方法的考查
试卷中不仅考查学生对八年级数学基础知识的掌握情况,而且也考查了学生以这些知识为载体,在综合运用这些知识的过程中所反映出来的基本的数学能力,初中阶段数学能力主要是指运算能力、思维能力和空间想象能力,以及运用所学知识分析、解决问题的能力等。
(2)注重灵活运用知识和探求能力的考查
试卷积极创设探索思维,重视开放性、探索性试题的设计,如第10题、12题、18题,考查学生灵活运用知识与方法的能力;如第12题、22题、25题等具有开放性、探索性,有利于考查不同层次的学生分析、探求、解决问题的能力。
(3)重视阅读理解、获取信息和数据处理能力的考查
从文字、图象、数据中获取信息和处理信息的能力是新课程特别强调的。如第10题、14题、18题、题23题等,较好地实现了对这方面能力的考查,强调了培养学生在现代社会中获取和处理信息能力的要求。
(4)重视联系实际生活,突出数学应用能力的考查
试卷多处设置了实际应用问题,如解答题第24题,考查学生从实际问题中抽象数学模型的能力,体验运用数学知识解决实际问题的情感,试题取自学生熟悉的生活实际,具有时代气息与教育价值,让学生感到现实生活中充满了数学,并要求活学活用数学知识解决实际问题的能力,有效地考查了学生应用数学知识解决实际问题的能力,培养用数学,做数学的意识。
三、试题做答情况分析
试题在设计上注意了保持一定的梯度,不是在最后一题难度加大,而是注意了难度分散的命题思想,使每个学生在每道题中都能感到张弛有度。
通过对八年级数学试卷进行分析,本次测试八年级的段平均分是54分,合格率是73.3%,优秀率是27.8%,最高分是98分,最低分是3分。从选取46份试卷中可以看出答得较好的有第一题的1、2、3、5、7题,第二题的11、15、16、17题,第三题的21、22、23题,答得一般的有第三题的24题,答得较差的是第三题的25(3)(4)题。
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇四
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇五
泰山版九年义务教育七年级教科书数学上册第二章第二节“数轴”。
本节课主要是在学生学习了有理数概念的基础上,从温度计表示“温度高低”这一事例出发,引出数轴的画法和用数轴上的点表示数的方法,初步向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,以使学生借助直观的图形来理解有理数的有关问题。
数轴不仅是学生学习相反数、绝对值等有理数知识的重要工具,还是以后学习不等式的解法、函数图象及其性质等内容的重要的基础知识。
根据新课标的要求以及七年级学生的认知水平,我制定出如下的教学目标:
1. 使学生理解数轴的三要素,会画数轴。
2. 能将“已知的有理数在数轴上表示出来”,能说出“数轴上的已知点所表示的有理数”,理解“所有的有理数都可以用数轴上的点表示”
3. 向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,让学生知道数学来源于实践,培养学生对数学的学习兴趣。
“正确理解数轴的概念”和“有理数在数轴上的表示方法”是本节课的教学重点,“建立有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系(数与形的结合)”是本节课的教学难点。
⑴知识掌握上,七年级学生刚刚学习正负数,对正负数概念的理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,可以给与适当的巩固复习。
⑵学生学习本节课的知识障碍。对数轴概念和数轴的三要素,学生不易理解,容易造成画图中掉三落四的现象,所以教学中教师应给以深入浅出的分析。
⑶由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征的局限性,以及学生好动,注意力易分散,爱发表见解,希望得到老师的表扬等特点,所以在教学中,我一方面要运用直观的形象,引发学生的兴趣,使他们的注意力始终集中在课堂上;另一方面要创造条件和机会,让学生发表见解,发挥学生学习的主动性。
七年级学生往往对直观具体的图形很感兴趣,因此我使用了教具—温度计和多媒体辅助教学。同时教学过程中我采用“启发式教学法”和“互动式教学法”,让整节课以观察、思考、讨论的形式贯穿始终。加强师生之间的情感交流,并教给学生“多观察、多动脑、大胆猜、多交流”的合作式学习方法。教学中为学生提供更多的活动机会和空间,让学生在动脑、动手、动口的同时获得体验和发展。
为此,我设计了以下七个教学环节:
(一)温故知新,激发情趣
(二)得出定义,揭示内涵
(三)手脑并用,深入理解
(四)启发诱导,初步运用
(五)反馈矫正,注重参与
(六)归纳小结,强化思想
(七)布置作业,引导预习
下面是教学过程的具体设计-------------
(一)温故知新,激发兴趣:
首先复习:有理数包括那些数?
学生回答后让大家思考:你能说出一些用刻度表示这些数的例子吗?
(学生会举出很多例子),但是由于温度计与数轴最为接近,它又是学生熟悉的带刻度的度量工具,所以在教学中我将用它来抽象概括为数轴这一数学模型,于是让学生观察一组温度计(展示准备好的教具),并提问:
(1)零上5°c用 5 表示。
(2)零下10°c 用 -10表示。
(3)0°c 用 0 表示。
然后让大家想一想:能否与温度计类似,在一条直线上画上刻度,标出读数,用直线上的点表示正数、负数和0呢?答案是肯定的,从而引出课题:“数轴”。结合实例,使学生体会到数学来源于现实生活,从而对新知识的学习有了期待,为顺利完成教学任务作了思想上的准备。
(二)得出定义,揭示内涵:
教师设问:到底什么是数轴?如何画数轴呢?
(1)画直线,取原点(这里说明在直线上任取一点作为原点,这点表示0,数轴画成水平位置是为了读、画方便,同时也为了有美的感觉。)
(2)标正方向(这里说明我们在水平位置的数轴上规定从原点向右为正方向是习惯与方便所作,由于我们只能画出直线的一部分,因此标上箭头指明正方向,并表示无限延伸。)
(3)选取单位长度,标数(这里说明任选适当的长度作为单位长度,标数时从原点向右每隔一个单位长度取一点,依次表示1、2、3…负数反之。单位长度的长短,可根据实际情况而定,但同一单位长度所表示的量要相同。)
由于画数轴是本节课的教学重点,教师板书这三个步骤,给学生以示范。
画完数轴后教师引导学生讨论:“怎样用数学语言来描述数轴?”
通过小组交流得到数轴的定义:规定了原点、正方向和单位长度的直线叫做数轴。
至此,我们将一个具体的事物“温度计”经过抽象而概括为一个数学概念“数轴”,使学生初步体验到一个从实践到理论的认识过程。
(三)手脑并用,深入理解:
1、让学生讨论:下列图形哪些是数轴,哪些不是,为什么?
(1)------(8)
(3)(6)(7)三个图形从数轴的三要素出发,学生可能出现错误判断,给学生足够的观察、思考的时间然后展开充分的讨论,教师参与到学生的讨论之中去接触学生,认识学生,关注学生。
2、为进一步强化概念,在对数轴有了正确认识的基础上,请大家在练习本上画一个数轴,(请同学画在黑板上)
学生在画数轴时教师巡视并予以个别指导,关注学生的个体发展,画完后教师给出评价,如“很好”“很规范”“老师相信你,你一定行”等语言来激励学生,以促进学生的发展;并强调:原点、正方向和单位长度是数轴的三要素,画数轴时这三要素缺一不可。
我设计以上两个练习,一个是动脑想,通过分析、判断正误来加深对正确概念的理解;一个是通过动手操作加深对概念的理解。
(四)启发诱导,初步运用:
有了数轴以后,所有的有理数都可以表示在数轴上,那么反过来,数轴上的点是否只表示有理数呢?作为一个问题我让学生去思考,为后面实数的学习埋下伏笔,这里不再展开。
安排课本30页的例1,
利用黑板上的例题图形让学生来操作,教师提出要求:
1、要把点标在线上 2、要把数标在点的上方
通过学生实际操作,可以加深对数轴的理解,进一步掌握用数轴上的点表示数的方法,同时激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生的积极性,从而使学生真正成为教学的主体。
当然,此题还可以再说出几个有理数让学生去标出点,好让更多的学生去展示自己,并进一步让学生从中感受已知有理数能用数轴上的点表示,从而加深对数形结合思想的理解。
(五)反馈矫正,注重参与:
为巩固本节的教学重点让学生独立完成:
1、课本30页练习1、2
2、课本30页3题(给全体学生以示范性让一个同学板书)。
为向学生进一步渗透数形结合的思想让学生讨论:
(六)归纳小结,强化思想:(我采用引导式小结)
1、为了巩固本节课的重点,提问:你知道什么是数轴吗?你会画数轴吗?这节课你学会了用什么来表示有理数?
2、数轴上,会不会有两个点表示同一个有理数?会不会有一个点表示两个不同的有理数?
让学生牢固掌握一个有理数只对应数轴上的一个点,并能说出数轴上已知点所表示的有理数。
(七)布置作业,引导预习:
为面向全体学生,安排如下:
1、全体学生都做课本32页1、2。
2、最后布置一个思考题:与温度计类似,数轴上两个不同的点所表示的两个有理数大小关系如何?(来引导学生养成预习的学习习惯)
总之,在教学过程中,我始终注意发挥学生的主体作用,让学生通过自主、探究、合作学习来主动发现结论,实现师生互动。
我认识到教师不仅要教给学生知识,更要培养学生良好的数学素养和学习习惯,只有让学生学会学习,老师的引导价值才会得到体现。
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇六
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇七
本节是在引进了负数及分析了有理数的分类后给出的。数轴是理解有理数的概念与运算的重要工具,利用这个数学工具不但可以理解有理数的概念、大小比较等,还可以利用它来解决一些实际问题:包括绝对值,有理数的运算等,非常直观地把数与点结合起来,渗透着初步的数形结合的思想。对以后的知识概念及实际问题的解决起着举足轻重的作用。
1、要求学生会正确画出数轴初步了解有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系。
2、能将有理数用数轴上的点来表示。
3、通过观察数轴上的点的位置关系初步比较有理数的大小,并能通过数轴上点的移动说出表示点的数
1、通过回忆和实例使学生掌握数轴的概念,并理解其三要素。
2、通过动手画数轴和数轴的概念,观察数轴上点的位置关系,了解点与数之间的关系。
3、通过图形与数量的对应关系了解数学研究的一种重要方法-----数形结合。
4、通过实例启发思维调动学生学习数学的兴趣使学生充分体验实践生活离不开数学
创设情景、动手操作、模拟演示、启发引导、学习应用、发展能力。针对学生的年龄特点和心理特征,以及他们的认知水平,采用探究式教学方法,教学中注意课堂民主、平等氛围的营造使学生始终处于主动学习的状态,鼓励学生团结协作、大胆猜想、动手操作。同时,教师要给学生思维活动提供具体、直观、感性的支持,所以本节课的设计借助直观演示、动手操作、启发诱导,由感性认识逐步上升到理性认识。
本节课的引入采用先回忆再从实例引入的教学方法,激发学生学习兴趣。
概念的得出采用比较探索式的教学方法,坚持以学生为主体,充分发挥学生的主观能动性。教学中,让学生自已动手画数轴,培养学生探究问题的能力。改变原来的"听数学"为"做数学"。
数轴应用采用分层式的教学方法,根据不同学生的实际,进行不同层次的教学。促进他们的全面发展。特别注重基本理论在实际生活中的应用,体现数学应用于生活的一面。
1、正确画出数轴是本节教学的重点。
首先回忆小学生学过的知识直线上用点表示数量数轴的三角形,再通过实物如:标尺、温度计等,要求同学们通过观察能建立数轴的概念模型通过提问:标尺及温度计上的数据有什么规律?从而引出数轴的方向性及数轴的原点和单位长度,上面的过程可以由学生讨论,教师补充从而概括数轴的概念即三要素。
2、变式;从而也可归纳出数轴商店表示即,数与点的对应关系。
通过例题要求学生动手操作画出数轴并描述点
说明:(1),可能有不少学生会忘记正方向
(2),原点左边的数的表识会发生标反的错误。
(3),数轴上的正方向,同时也表示由小到大的方向。
(4),单位长度的截取可以是任意长度,不是唯一的。
(5),数轴的方向也不是唯一的,如温度折线图等,方向也可以是向上的。
3、正确画出数轴后,即使点在数轴上的表示,整数的表示学生很容易理解,强调一下,分数和小数的表示是这一节课的难点,首先通过例题:
通过在数轴上描点:4,-2,-4,5,1/3,0
先对数进行分类,正数,零,负数,负数在0(既原点)的左边,正数在原点的右边再按整数和分数描点,通过练习巩固能说出数轴上的点表示什么数?
p23练习中第3题为下节课的内容做下了铺垫,即数的大小比较,这里要求学生能在新排列一下,使学生能了解数轴哂纳感,负数、0、正数,之间的关系。
4、提高:下列说法正确的是:
(1),在+3和+4之间没有正数
(2),在0和—1之间没有负数
(3),在+1和+2之间有无穷个正分数
(4),在0、1、和0、2之间没有正分数
这题通过数轴的直观描述进一步说明数轴上的点与有理数之间的关系,使学生能从感性认识上升到理性认识,进一步提高学生的逻辑思维能力和提高分析问题的能力。
5、创新题:
一个点从数轴上的原点开始的先向左移动两个单位长度,再向右移动三个单位长度,如图:
由图可以看出,到达终点是表示数1的点,画图表示一个点从数轴上原点开始,按下列条件移动两次后到达的终点,并说出它是表示什么数的点:
(1)向左移动4单位长度,再向左移动2个单位长度
(2)向右移动2个单位长度,再向左移动3个单位长度
(3)向左移动2个单位长度,再向右移动5个单位长度
这是一道源于运动变化思想设计的题目,借助点在数轴上从原点开始的连续两次沿直线方向的运动后,将终点的数写出。一要认识方向,二要把握运动距离,可提高学生的运动思维,有助开动学生的变化的观念。
(1)归纳学习了哪些内容?
(2)归纳学习的思想方法?
本节课的设计是以教学大纲和教材为依据,采用探索式教学。遵循因材施教的原则,坚持以学生为主体,充分发挥学生的主观能动性。教学过程中,注重学生探究能力的培养。还课堂给学生,让学生去亲身体验知识的产生过程,拓展学生的创造性思维。同时,注意加强对学生的启发和引导,鼓励培养学生们大胆猜想,小心求证的科学研究的思想。所以,在教法上,不采用课本单刀直入的探索式推理方法(即先给出结论,再推理论证),而是让学生亲自动手实践,观察类比,使学生产生求知快乐感,同时也对学生进行了辩证唯物主义的教育。而这种处理,化难为易,抓住教材对学生能力培养的基本要求,达到异曲同工之妙。
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇八
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇九
老师们:您们好!
我说课的内容"数轴"的第一课时内容。
本节课主要是在学生学习了有理数概念的基础上,从标有刻度的温度计表示温度高低。
这一事例出发,引出数轴的画法和用数轴上的点表示数的方法,初步向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,以使学生借助直观的图形来理解有理数的有关问题。数轴不仅是学生学习相反数,绝对值等有理数知识的重要工具,还是以后学好不等式的解法,函数图象及其性质等内容的必要基础知识。
根据新课标的要求及七年级学生的认知水平我特制定的本节课的教学目标如下:
1、使学生理解数轴的三要素,会画数轴。
2、能将已知的有理数在数轴上表示出来,能说出数轴上的已知点所表示的有理数,理解所有的有理数都可以用数轴上的点表示
3、向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,让学生知道数学来源于实践,培养学生对数学的学习兴趣。
正确理解数轴的概念和有理数在数轴上的表示方法是本节课的教学重点,建立有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系(数与形的结合)是本节课的教学难点。
⑴知识掌握上,七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,所以应全面系统的去讲述。
⑵学生学习本节课的知识障碍。学生对数轴概念和数轴的三要素,学生不易理解,容易造成画图中丢三落四的现象,所以教学中教师应予以简单明白,深入浅出的分析。
⑶由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征和生理特征,学生好动性,注意力易分散,爱发表见解,希望得到老师的表扬等特点,所以在教学中应抓住学生这一生理心理特点,一方面要运用直观生动的形象,引发学生的兴趣,使他们的注意力始终集中在课堂上;
由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征,他们往往需要依赖直观具体形象的图形的年龄特点,以及七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,也为使课堂生动,有趣,高效,特将整节课以观察,
思考,讨论贯穿于整个教学环节之中,采用启发式教学法和师生互动式教学模式,注意师生之间的情感交流,并教给学生"多观察,动脑想,大胆猜,勤钻研"的研讨式学习方法。教学中积极利用板书和练习中的图形,向学生提供更多的活动机会和空间,
使学生在动脑,动手,动口的过程中获得充足的体验和发展,从而培养学生的数形结合的思想。
为充分发挥学生的主体性和教师的主导辅助作用,教学过程中设计了七个教学环节:
(一),温故知新,激发情趣
(二),得出定义,揭示内涵
(三),手脑并用,深入理解
(四),启发诱导,初步运用
(五),反馈矫正,注重参与
(六),归纳小结,强化思想
(七),布置作业,引导预习
(一),温故知新,激发情趣:
首先复习提问:有理数包括那些数学生回答后让大家讨论:你能找出用刻度表示这些数的实例吗?学生会举出很多例子,但是由于温度计与数轴最为接近,它又是学生熟悉的带刻度的度量工具,所以在教学中我将用它来抽象概括为数轴这一数学模型,于是让学生观察一组温度计,并提问:
(1)零上5°c用 5 表示。
(2)零下15°c 用 —15 表示。
(3)0°c 用 0 表示。
然后让大家想一想:能否与温度计类似,在一条直线上画上刻度,标出读数,用直线上的点表示正数,负数和0呢?答案是肯定的,从而引出课题:数轴。结合实例使学生以轻松愉快的心情进入了本节课的学习,也使学生体会到数学来源于实践,同时对新知识的学习有了期待,为顺利完成教学任务作了思想上的准备。
(二),得出定义,揭示内涵:
教师设问:到底什么是数轴?如何画数轴呢
(1)画直线,取原点(这里说明在直线上任取一点作为原点,这点表示0,数轴画成水平位置是为了读,画方便,同时也为了有美的感觉。)
(2)标正方向(这里说明我们在水平位置的数轴上规定从原点向右为正方向是习惯与
方便所作,由于我们只能画出直线的一部分,因此标上箭头指明正方向,并表示无限延伸。)
(3)选取单位长度,标数(这里说明任选适当的长度作为单位长度,标数时从原点向右每隔一个单位长度取一点,依次表示1,2,3…负数反之。单位长度的长短,可根据实际情况而定,但同一单位长度所表示的量要相同。)
由于画数轴是本节课的教学重点,教师板书这三个步骤,给学生以示范。
画完数轴后教师引导学生讨论:"怎样用数学语言来描述数轴"(通过教师的亲切的语言启发学生,以培养师生间的默契)
通过讨论由师生共同得到数轴的定义:规定了原点,正方向和单位长度的直线叫做数轴。
至此,我们将一个具体的事物"温度计"经过抽象而概括为一个数学概念"数轴",使学生初步体验到一个从实践到理论的认识过程。
(三),手脑并用,深入理解:
1,让学生讨论:下列图形哪些是数轴,哪些不是,为什么
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
a,b,c三个图形从数轴的三要素出发,d和f是学生可能出现的错误,给学生足够的观察,思考的时间然后展开充分的讨论,教师参与到学生的讨论之中去接触学生,认识学生,关注学生。
2,为进一步强化概念,在对数轴有了正确认识的基础上,请大家在练习本上画一个数轴,(请同学画在黑板上)
学生在画数轴时教师巡视并予以个别指导,关注学生的个体发展,画完后教师给出评价,如"很好""很规范""老师相信你,你一定行"等语言来激励学生,以促进学生的发展;并强调:原点,正方向和单位长度是数轴的三要素,画数轴时这三要素缺一不可。
我设计以上两个练习,一个是动脑想,通过分析,判断正误来加深对正确概念的理解;一个是通过动手操作加深对概念的理解。
(四),启发诱导,初步运用:
有了数轴以后,所有的有理数都可以表示在数轴上,那么反过来,数轴上的点是否只表示有理数呢作为一个问题我让学生去思考,为后面实数的学习埋下伏笔,这里不再展开。
安排课本23页的例1,
利用黑板上的例题图形让学生来操作,教师提出要求:
1,要把点标在线上2,要把数标在点的上方
通过学生实际操作,可以加深对数轴的理解,进一步掌握用数轴上的点表示数的方法,
同时激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生的积极性,从而使学生真正成为教学的主体。
当然,此题还可以再说出几个有理数让学生去标点,好让更多的学生去展示自己,并进一步让学生从中感受已知有理数能用数轴上的点表示,从而加深对数形结合思想的理解。
(五),反馈矫正,注重参与:
为巩固本节的教学重点让学生独立完成:
1,课本23页练习1,2
2,课本23页3题的(给全体学生以示范性让一个同学板书)为向学生进一步渗透数形结合的思想让学生讨论:
3,数轴上的点p与表示有理数3的点a距离是2,
(1)试确定点p表示的有理数;
(2)将a向右移动2个单位到b点,点b表示的有理数是多少
(3)再由b点向左移动9个单位到c点,则c点表示的有理数是多少
先让学生通过小组讨论得出结果,通过以上练习使学生在掌握知识的基础上达到灵活运用,形成一定的能力。
(六),归纳小结,强化思想:
根据学生的特点,师生共同小结:
1,为了巩固本节课的教学重点提问:你知道什么是数轴吗?你会画数轴吗?这节课你学会了用什么来表示有理数
2,数轴上,会不会有两个点表示同一个有理数,会不会有一个点表示两个不同的有理数
让学生牢固掌握一个有理数只对应数轴上的一个点,并能说出数轴上已知点所表示的有理数。
(七),布置作业,引导预习:
为面向全体学生,安排如下:
1,全体学生必做课本25页1,2,3
2,最后布置一个思考题:
与温度计类似,数轴上两个不同的点所表示的两个有理数大小关系如何
(来引导学生养成预习的学习习惯)
总之,在教学过程中,我始终注意发挥学生的主体作用,让学生通过自主,探究,合作学习来主动发现结论,实现师生互动,通过这样的教学实践取得了良好的教学效果,我认识到教师不仅要教给学生知识,更要培养学生良好的数学素养和学习习惯,让学生学会学习,才能使自己真正成为一名受学生欢迎的好教师。
以上是我对本节课的设想,不足之处请老师们多多批评,指正,谢谢!
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十一
尊敬的各位老师们:你们好
今天我说课的题目是人教版数学七年级上册第一章第2节《数轴》。下面,我将从背景分析、教学目标设计、、课堂结构和教学媒体设计、教学过程设计及教学评价设计等几个方面对本课的设计进行说明。
1.教材的地位及作用
“数轴”是人教版七年级数学上册第一章第二节“有理数”的重点内容之一,是在引进了负数及分析了有理数的分类后给出的。数轴是理解有理数的概念与运算的重要工具,利用这个数学工具不但可以理解有理数的概念、大小比较等,还可以利用它来解决一些实际问题:包括绝对值,有理数的运算等,非常直观地把数与点结合起来,渗透着初步的数形结合的思想。对以后的知识概念及实际问题的解决起着举足轻重的作用。
2.教学重点、难点的分析
教学的重点:1)正确理解数轴的概念;2)正确掌握数轴的画法和用数轴上的点表示有理数。
教学的难点:正确理解有理数与数轴上点的对应关系,体会数形结合的数学思想。
3.教材的处理
1)通过观察温度计及师生互动表示课本第10页中的问题,使学生明白数与形的对应,初步认识数形结合的美妙之处。
2)通过讲解数轴的概念,概括出数轴三要素,指导学生正确地画出数轴。
3)通过练习,使学生准确地掌握数轴的概念,并会用数轴表示有理数,进一步体会数形结合。
4)通过课本第11页的归纳,使学生深化对数轴概念的理解。
1.知识技能
1)掌握数轴的概念,并理解其三要素,能正确地画出数轴。2)会用数轴上的点表示给定的有理数,会根据数轴上的点读出所表示的有理数。理解任何有理数在数轴上都有唯一的点与之对应
2.数学思考
1)通过观察与思考,建立数轴的概念。
2)通过对数轴的学习,初步体会对应的思想、数形结合的思想。
3.解决问题
会利用数轴解决有关问题。
4.情感态度
通过对数轴的学习,向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,让学生知道数学来源于实践,培养学生对数学的学习兴趣。
1.教学方法
数学是一门培养人的思维,发展人的思维的重要学科。因此,在教学中不仅要使学生“知其然”而且要使学生“知其所以然”,我们在以学生既为主体,又为客体的原则下,展现获取知识和方法的思维过程,因为新课标和新理念认为,获得数学知识的过程比获得知识更为重要。基于本节课的特点:课堂教学采用了“情境-问题-观察-思考-提高”的步骤,使学生初步体验到数学是一个充满着观察、思考、归纳、类比和猜测的探索过程。
根据教材分析和目标分析,贯彻新课程改革下的课堂教学方法,确定本节课主要采用启发引导探索的教学方法。学生在教师营造的“可探索”的环境里,积极参与,互相讨论,一步步地掌握数轴的概念,并通过练习,使学生更好地理解数轴概念,从而体会数形结合的思想。
有方法就要有手段进行依托,我所采用的教学手段是:多媒体辅助教学通过课件演示,创设情境,让学生分四人小组讨论、交流、总结,并派代表发言。教师耐心引导、分析、讲解和提问,并及时对学生的意见进行肯定与评议,从而突出教师是学生获取知识的启发者、引导者、帮助者和参与者的形象。
2.学法指导
现代新教育理念认为,学习数学不应只是单调刻板的简单模仿、机械背诵与操练,而应该采用设置现实的问题情景,有意义的,富有挑战性的学习内容来引起学习者的兴趣。为达到提升学生的学习兴趣,我们应强调探究学习、发现学习、研究学习、合作学习才能改变学生原来的那种“学而无思,思而无疑,有疑不问”的旧学习方式。
要达到学生主动的学习,本节课采用学生小组合作,讨论交流,观察发现,师生互动的学习方式。学生通过小组合作学会主动探究-主动总结-主动提高,突出学生是学习的主体,他们在感知知识的过程中,无疑提高了探索-发现-实践-总结的能力。
学生的工具:直尺或三角板
活动1创设情境引入新课
1)观察温度计,并填空:
℃ ℃ ℃
师生行为:老师演示课件,学生观察并举手发言。
设计意图:通过让学生观察温度计并填空,为学习数轴概念做好铺垫。
2)课本第10页问题:在一条东西方向的马路上,有一个汽车站,汽车站东3m和7.5m处分别有一棵柳树和一棵杨树,汽车站西3m和4.8m处分别有一棵槐树和一根电线杆,试画图表示这一情境。
师生行为:老师发问:“请同学们思考:怎样用数简明地表示这些树、电线杆与汽车站的相对位置(方向、距离)?”学生分四人小组讨论,并画出图形。老师巡堂查看学生完成的情况,并请最先做好的两个小组派代表到黑板演示。
设计意图:通过学生的活动,让学生认识到:考虑东西方向马路上一些树、电线杆与汽车站的相对位置关系,既要考虑距离,又要考虑方向,从而需要用正负数描述。
3)再次观察课本图1.2-1、温度计,找出它们之间的共同之处
师生行为:老师引导学生观察、比较。学生组内讨论,并派代表发表意见,老师及时给予肯定和评议。
设计意图:通过比较,学生容易发现正数、0和负数都可以用一条直线上点表示出来。
活动2学习数轴的概念
一般地,在数学中人们用画图的方式把数“直观化”。通常用一条直线上的点表示数。这条直线叫做数轴。
数轴满足以下要求:1)在直线上任取一个点表示数0,这个点叫做原点。2)规定直线上从原点向右(或上)为正方向,通常以向右为正方向。3)选取适当的长度为单位长度,直线上每隔一个单位长度取一个点。
师生行为:老师讲解数轴的概念,说明画数轴说要满足的条件,并提醒学生数轴的三要素;学生观察、理解。
设计意图:初步认识数轴的概念及其所需要的条件。
活动3数轴概念的应用
1)讨论下列数轴画得对错?并思考你认为画数轴最重要的三个因素是什么?
①师生行为:学生组内讨论交流,派代表发言,老师进行总结,并概括数轴
的三要素。
设计意图:通过学生讨论,交流和反思,使学生认识数轴的三要素。
2)画数轴
画数轴的步骤:1.画直线;2.在直线上取一点作为原点;3.确定正方向,并用箭头表示4.根据需要选取适当单位长度。
师生行为:师生共同归纳画数轴的步骤,要求学生独立画出数轴,并互相交流,老师巡堂并参与交流使学生弄清如何画数轴。
设计意图:通过学生画数轴,交流和反思,使学生真正掌握数轴的概念。
3)在数轴上表示右边各数:0.5 +2 -0.3
4)指出数轴上a,b,c,d各点分别表示什么数。
解:点a表示-2;点b表示2;点c表示0;点d表示-1。
师生行为:观看课件的题目,要求学生在自己所画的数轴上完成,再由老师演示答案。
设计意图:让学生明白任何一个有理数都可以用数轴上的一个点来表示。
活动4数轴概念的深化
填空:数轴上表示-2的点在原点的边,距原点的距离是,表示3的点在原点的边,距原点的距离是。
归纳:一般地,设a是一个正数,则数轴上表示数a的点在原点的右边,与原点的距离是a个单位长度;表示数-a的点在原点的左边,与原点的距离是a个单位长度。
师生行为:通过填空,老师引导学生做出课本第12页的归纳。
设计意图:通过从特殊到一般的方法归纳出数轴上的点的特征,逐步培养学生的抽象概括(从具体的数到字母表示的数)能力
活动5巩固数轴的概念
课堂练习:
1)课本第12页的练习1、2题
2)强化练习(1)在数轴上标出到原点的距离小于3的整数。(2)在数轴上标出-5和+5之间的所有的整数。
师生行为:学生练习,老师巡堂、指导。
设计意图:通过练习,巩固数轴的概念;强化练习是为了培养学生用数轴解决问题的能力。
作业:课本第17页习题1.2第2题;学生用书同步训练。
设计意图:通过适量的练习有利于学生掌握所学内容,对于学有余力的同学还应该给他们足够的发展空间,让他们多做同步训练。
这节课,我通过五个活动的教学设计,既遵循了概念教学的规律,又符合初中生的认知特点,指导学生操作、观察、引导概括,获取新知;同时注重培养学生由感性认识上升为理性认识。在教学过程中让学生动口、动手、动眼、动脑为主的学习方法,使学生学有兴趣、学有所获。
总之,在这节课上,我始终以学生为主体创设情景,激发学生的学习兴趣;、让学生主体参与,探索新知识,充分体现了以学生为主体的新理念;联系实际,数学源于生活,服务于生活,让学生轻松快乐的学习数学,才是新课程改革的最终价值取向。我相信,有了快乐,数学课堂将焕发出生命的光彩。
谢谢大家!
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十二
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十三
首先谈谈我对教材的理解,《数轴》是人教版初中数学七年级上册第一章1。2。2的内容,本节课的内容是数轴的概念概念,三要素,和用数轴表示数。有理数已经在上一节已经进行了讲解,并且之前也有生活中的温度计的常识性经验,对于本节课的知识点有了很好的铺垫作用。数轴是一个重要概念,后续的直角坐标系也是以数轴为基础的。它是学生第一次学习正式接触数形结合思想,在整个数学体系中有着不可或缺的作用。
接下来谈谈学生的实际情况。新课标指出学生是教学的主体,所以要成为符合新课标要求的教师,深入了解所面对的学生可以说是必修课。本阶段的学生已经具备了一定的分析能力,也能做出简单的逻辑推理,而且在生活中也为本节课积累了很多经验。所以,学生对本节课的学习是相对比较容易的。
根据以上对教材的分析以及对学情的把握,我制定了如下三维教学目标:
(一)知识与技能
了解数轴的概念,能用数轴上的点准确地表示有理数。
(二)过程与方法
通过观察与实际操作,体会有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系,体会数形结合的思想。
(三)情感态度价值观
在数与形结合的过程中,体会数学学习的乐趣。
我认为一节好的数学课,从教学内容上说一定要突出重点、突破难点。而教学重点的确立与我本节课的内容肯定是密不可分的。那么根据授课内容可以确定本节课的教学重点是:用数轴上的点表示有理数。数形结合的思想方法学生首次正式接触,所以本节课的教学难点是:数形结合的思想方法。
现代教学理论认为,在教学过程中,学生是学习的主体,教师是学习的组织者、引导者,教学的一切活动都必须以强调学生的主动性、积极性为出发点。根据这一教学理念,结合本节课的内容特点和学生的年龄特征,本节课我采用讲授法、练习法、小组合作等教学方法。
下面我将重点谈谈我对教学过程的设计。
(一)新课导入
首先是导入环节,通过对生活中常见的温度计的提问,恰当的引出数轴这一课题。
用生活实例导入贴近学生的生活,有助于后续的学习数轴三要素,并且培养学生将生活实际与数学相联系。
(二)新知探索
接下来是教学中最重要的新知探索环节,我主要采用讲解法、小组合作、启发法等。
在这一个环节,我会通过课件呈现一个情境:然后让学生们将杨树柳树站牌表示出来。在学生都将图画好以后,我会提出以下问题:问题1。马路可以用什么几何图形表示?问题2。你认为站牌起什么作用?问题3。你是怎么确定问题中各物体的位置的?并请一到两位同学进行解答。由此帮助学生总结画图时可以用直线、点、方向、距离等几何符号表示实际问题,实现数学问题的第一次数学抽象。
接下来进行引导,和学生一起采用正负数、几何符号、方向等知识将树、电线杆与汽车站牌的相对位置关系画出来。并且将0表示基准点、数的符号的实际意义是方向等知识进行强调。随后,我再通过课件出示温度计的图片,让学生对比着树、电线杆与汽车站牌的相对位置关系分析温度计的结构。讲解0℃是温度的基准点,冰水混合物的温度规定为0℃。以此帮助学生提前感受原点、单位长度、方向这三要素。
接下来明确数轴的定义:在数学中,可以用一条直线上的点表示数,这条直线叫做数轴,并且提出三要素。询问问大家对三要素的理解。以此来帮助学生深刻认识到数轴个概念。
学生能够用数轴上的点表示有理数,采取类比的思想得出数轴上的点与有理数对应。
至此本节课的主要教学内容已经完成,做到了突出重点,突破难点。
在开始的选点的过程中我选择生活实例中的位置关系,这样为学生将数学应用于生活奠定基础,培养将数学应用于生活的能力。
(三)课堂练习
接下来是巩固提高环节。
归纳题,让学生更加明确数轴上点的意义;基础练习题巩固本节课所学习的知识点。
这样的问题的设置,让学生对知识进一步巩固,并且能够熟练掌握。
(四)小结作业
在课程的最后我会提问:今天有什么收获?
引导学生回顾:什么是数轴,数轴的三要素,以及数轴上的点的与有理数对应?
本节课的课后作业我设计为:
课后习题第二题和思考到原点距离相等的点有何特点?
这样的设计能让学生理解本节课的核心,感受数形结合思想,并且为下节课做铺垫。
我的板书设计遵循简洁明了突出重点部分,以下是我的板书设计:
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十四
我说课的内容是七年级教科书第一册第二章第二节"数轴"的第一课时 内容。我从以下几个方面对本节课的教学设计进行说明。
本节课主要是在学生学习了有理数概念的基础上, 从标有刻度的温度计 表示温度高低这一事例出发,引出数轴的画法和用数轴上的点表示数的方法, 初步向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想,以使学生借助直观的图形来理解有理数 的有关问题。数轴不仅是学生学习相反数、绝对值等有理数知识的重要工具, 还是以后学好不等式的解法、函数图象及其性质等内容的必要基础知识。
根据新课标的要求及七年级学生的认知水平我特制定的本节课的教学 目标如下:
1. 使学生理解数轴的三要素,会画数轴。
2. 能将已知的有理数在数轴上表示出来, 能说出数轴上的已知点所表示 的有理数,理解所有的有理数都可以用数轴上的点表示
3. 向学生渗透数形结合的数学思想, 让学生知道数学来源于实践, 培养 学生对数学的学习兴趣。
正确理解数轴的概念和有理数在数轴上的表示方法是本节课的教学重 点,建立有理数与数轴上的点的对应关系(数与形的结合)是本节课的教学难点。
⑴知识掌握上,七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数的概 念理解不一定很深刻, 许多学生容易造成知识遗忘, 所以应全面系统的去讲述。
⑵学生学习本节课的知识障碍。学生对数轴概念和数轴的三要素,学生
不易理解, 容易造成画图中掉三落四的现象, 所以教学中教师应予以简单明白、 深入浅出的分析。 ⑶由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征和生理特征,学生好动性,注 意力易分散,爱发表见解,希望得到老师的表扬等特点,所以在教学中应抓住 学生这一生理心理特点,一方面要运用直观生动的形象,引发学生的兴趣,使 他们的注意力始终集中在课堂上;另一方面要创造条件和机会,让学生发表见 解,发挥学生学习的主动性。 ⑷心理上,学生对数学课的兴趣,老师应抓住这有利因素,引导学生认 识到数学课的科学性, 学好数学有利于其他学科的学习以及学科知识的渗透性。
由于七年级学生的理解能力和思维特征, 他们往往需要依赖直观具体形 象的图形的年龄特点,以及七年级学生刚刚学习有理数中的正负数,对正负数 的概念理解不一定很深刻,许多学生容易造成知识遗忘,也为使课堂生动、有 趣、高效,特将整节课以观察、思考、讨论贯穿于整个教学环节之中,采用启 发式教学法和师生互动式教学模式, 注意师生之间的情感交流, 并教给学生"多 观察、动脑想、大胆猜、勤钻研"的研讨式学习方法。教学中积极利用板书和练 习中的图形,向学生提供更多的活动机会和空间,使学生在动脑、动手、动口 的过程中获得充足的体验和发展,从而培养学生的数形结合的思想。 为充分发挥学生的主体性和教师的主导辅助作用, 教学过程中设计了七 个教学环节:
(一)、温故知新,激发情趣
(二)、得出定义,揭示内涵
(三)、手脑并用,深入理解
(四)、启发诱导,初步运用
(五)、反馈矫正,注重参与
(六)、归纳小结,强化思想
(七)、布置作业,引导预习
(一)、温故知新,激发情趣: 首先复习提问:有理数包括那些数?学生回答后让大家讨论:你能找出 用刻度表示这些数的实例吗?学生会举出很多例子,但是由于温度计与数轴最 为接近,它又是学生熟悉的带刻度的度量工具,所以在教学中我将用它来抽象 概括为数轴这一数学模型,于是让学生观察一组温度计,并提问:
(1)零上 5°c 用 5 表示。
(2)零下 15°c 用 -15 表示。
(3)0°c 用 0 表示。 然后让大家想一想:能否与温度计类似,在一条直线上画上刻度,标出 读数,用直线上的点表示正数、负数和 0 呢?答案是肯定的,从而引出课题: 数轴。结合实例使学生以轻松愉快的心情进入了本节课的学习,也使学生体会 到数学来源于实践,同时对新知识的学习有了期待,为顺利完成教学任务作了 思想上的准备。
(二)、得出定义,揭示内涵: 教师设问:到底什么是数轴?如何画数轴呢?
(1)画直线,取原点(这里说明在直线上任取一点作为原点,这点表 示0,数轴画成水平位置是为了读、画方便,同时也为了有美的感觉。)
(2)标正方向(这里说明我们在水平位置的数轴上规定从原点向右为 正方向是习惯与方便所作,由于我们只能画出直线的一部分, 因此标上箭头指明 正方向,并表示无限延伸。)
(3)选取单位长度,标数(这里说明任选适当的长度作为单位长度, 标数时从原点向右每隔一个单位长度取一点,依次表示
2、3…负数反之。 单位长度的长短,可根据实际情况而定,但同一单位长度所表示的量要相同。)
由于画数轴是本节课的教学重点, 教师板书这三个步骤, 给学生以示范。 画完数轴后教师引导学生讨论:"怎样用数学语言来描述数轴?"(通过 教师的亲切的语言启发学生,以培养师生间的默契) 通过讨论由师生共同得到数轴的定义:规定了原点、正方向和单位长度 的直线叫做数轴。 至此,我们将一个具体的事物"温度计"经过抽象而概括为一个数学概念 "数轴",使学生初步体验到一个从实践到理论的认识过程。 (三)、手脑并用,深入理解:
1、让学生讨论:下列图形哪些是数轴,哪些不是,为什么? a、 b、 c、 d、 e、 f、 a、b、c 三个图形从数轴的三要素出发,d 和 f 是学生可能出现的错 误,给学生足够的观察、思考的时间然后展开充分的讨论,教师参与到学生的 讨论之中去接触学生,认识学生,关注学生。
2、为进一步强化概念,在对数轴有了正确认识的基础上,请大家在练 习本上画一个数轴,(请同学画在黑板上) 学生在画数轴时教师巡视并予以个别指导,关注学生的个体发展,画完 后教师给出评价,如"很好""很规范""老师相信你,你一定行"等语言来激励学 生,以促进学生的发展;并强调:原点、正方向和单位长度是数轴的三要素, 画数轴时这三要素缺一不可。 我设计以上两个练习,一个是动脑想,通过分析、判断正误来加深对正 确概念的理解;一个是通过动手操作加深对概念的理解。
(四)、启发诱导,初步运用: 有了数轴以后,所有的有理数都可以表示在数轴上,那么反过来,数轴 上的点是否只表示有理数呢?作为一个问题我让学生去思考,为后面实数的学 习埋下伏笔,这里不再展开。 安排课本 23 页的例
1, 利用黑板上的例题图形让学生来操作,教师提出要求:
1、要把点标在线上
2、要把数标在点的上方 通过学生实际操作,可以加深对数轴的理解,进一步掌握用数轴上的点 表示数的方法,同时激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生的积极性,从而使学生真 正成为教学的主体。 当然,此题还可以再说出几个有理数让学生去标点,好让更多的学生去 展示自己,并进一步让学生从中感受已知有理数能用数轴上的点表示,从而加 深对数形结合思想的理解。 (五)、反馈矫正,注重参与: 为巩固本节的教学重点让学生独立完成:
1、课本 23 页练习
2、课本 23 页 3 题的(给全体学生以示范性让一个同学板书) 为向学生进一步渗透数形结合的思想让学生讨论:
3、数轴上的点 p 与表示有理数 3 的点 a 距离是
(1)试确定点 p 表示的有理数;
(2)将 a 向右移动 2 个单位到 b 点,点 b 表示的有理数是多少?
(3) 再由 b 点向左移动 9 个单位到 c 点, c 点表示的有理数是多少? 则 先让学生通过小组讨论得出结果, 通过以上练习使学生在掌握知识的基 础上达到灵活运用,形成一定的能力。 (六)、归纳小结,强化思想: 根据学生的特点,师生共同小结:
1、为了巩固本节课的教学重点提问:你知道什么是数轴吗?你会画数轴 吗?这节课你学会了用什么来表示有理数?
2、数轴上,会不会有两个点表示同一个有理数?会不会有一个点表示 两个不同的有理数? 让学生牢固掌握一个有理数只对应数轴上的一个点, 并能说出数轴上已 知点所表示的有理数。
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数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十六
(说教材)
数与形是数学的两大组成部分,数形结合的思想方法是数学中的一个重要思想方法,而数轴是数形结合的高度统一。数轴是新人教版数学教材七年级上册第一章第二节的内容,是在学生学习了有理数概念的基础上再介绍的。通过数轴的学习可加深学生对有理数概念的理解,并为后面引出相反数、绝对值的概念,学习有理数大小比较、有理数运算法则、平面直角坐标系等打下良好的基础,起到承上启下的作用。
本课的教学对象是刚刚步入中学校门的七年级学生,此阶段学生天真活泼,好奇心强,有较强的模仿能力和求知欲望,而且富有一定的逻辑思维能力。但在新知的学习过程中,还是较容易出现理解局限的问题。
根据《新课程标准》对学生在知识技能、数学思考、解决问题、情感态度等方面的要求,我确定了本节课教学目标如下:
a、知识技能:
1、理解数轴概念,会画数轴。
2、知道如何在数轴上表示有理数,能说出数轴上表示有理数的点所表示的数,知道任何一个有理数在数轴上都有唯一的点与之对应。
b、数学思考:
1、从直观认识到理性认识,从而建立数轴概念。
2、通过数轴概念的学习,初步体会对应的思想、数形结合的思想方法。
c、解决问题:会利用数轴解决有关问题。
d、情感态度:通过数轴的学习,体会数形结合的思想方法,进而初步认识事物之间的联系性,感受数学与生活的联系。
本节课教学重点我确定为:数轴的概念。
因为:只要数轴概念真正理解了,画数轴、在数轴上表示有理数等也就容易了。
本节课教学难点我确定为:从直观认识到理性认识,从而建立数轴概念。
因为:七年级的学生形象思维占主导地位,抽象思维刚开始萌芽。
教有教法,学有学法,但无定法,贵在得法,下面谈谈本节课的教法与学法。
1、教法:数学是一门培养人的思维,发展人的思维的重要学科。因此,在教学中不仅要使学生“知其然”而且要使学生“知其所以然”,我们在以学生既为主体,又为客体的原则下,展现知识和方法的思维过程,因为新课标和新理念认为,获得数学知识的过程比获得知识更为重。基于本节课的特点:课堂教学采用了“情境—问题—观察—思考—提高”的步骤,使学生初步体验到数学是一个充满着观察、思考、归纳、类比和猜测的探索过程。
根据教材分析和目标分析,贯彻新课程改革下的课堂教学方法,确定本节课主要采用启发引导探索的教学方法。学生在教师营造的“可探索”的环境里,积极参与,互相讨论,一步步地掌握数轴的概念,并通过练习,使学生更好地理解数轴概念,从而体会数形结合的思想。
根据本节课的教学内容,我所采用的教学手段是:多媒体辅助教学
通过课件演示,创设情境,让学生分四人小组讨论、交流、总结,并派代表发言。教师耐心引导、分析、讲解和提问,并及时对学生的意见进行肯定与评议,从而突出教师是学生获取知识的启发者、引导者、帮助者和参与者的形象。
2、学法:俗话说“授人以鱼,不如授人以渔”,在教学中我特别重视学法的指导,让学生在“观察—操作—交流—思考—概括—应用”的学习过程中,自主参与、经历数学知识的形成和应用过程。告诉学生,学习数学不是简单模仿、机械操练,而是探究学习、发现学习、研究学习、合作学习。
“凡事预则立,不预则废”,充分的课前准备是成功的一半。
老师:要充分备课,精心制作多媒体课件,准备教具
学生:要认真预习,准备直尺或三角板
课堂教学是学生获取知识、形成技能、发展能力和思维的主战场。为了突出重点、突破难点、达到目标,我设计了以下几个教学环节:
(一)、复习旧知
通过对已知知识的回顾复习,使学生更易于接受新知识。
(二)、创设情景,引入课题
为了使学生明白数与形的对应关系,初步认识数形结合的美妙之处,我设计了:
观察温度计的活动,目的是为了让学生切身体会数与形的对应关系,为学习数轴概念埋下伏笔。
学生拿出自己准备的温度计分小组讨论观察,共同发现数与形的对应关系。
接下来,我创设了这样一个情境:
在一条东西方向的马路上,有一个汽车站,汽车站东3m和7.5m处分别有一棵柳树和一棵杨树,汽车站西3m和4.8m处分别有一棵槐树和一根电线杆。随后我提出问题:“怎样用数简明地表示这些树、电线杆与汽车站的相对位置?”(学生小组讨论后再派代表回答)通过这个活动,让学生们认识到:考虑东西方向的马路上一些树、电线杆与汽车站的相对位置关系,既要考虑距离,又要考虑方向,从而需要用正负数描述。
前面几个活动之后,学生对数形结合的思想方法已有所体会,为此我让学生:
再次观察所画情境图、温度计
并引导学生观察、比较,将其抽象成一条直线。
这样,就把正数、0和负数用一条直线上点表示出来。
(三)、学习概念,解决问题
通过刚才的观察、比较,我引出了新课:
1)学习数轴的概念
我先进行讲解:
一般地,在数学中人们用画图的方式把数“直观化”。通常用一条直线上的点表示数,当然这条直线必须满足以下三点要求:
(1)在直线上任取一个点表示数0,这个点叫做原点。
(2)规定直线上从原点向右(或上)为正方向,通常以向右为正方向。
(3)选取适当的长度为单位长度,每隔一个单位长度取一个点。
再画数轴
师生共同归纳画数轴的步骤,要求学生独立画出数轴,并互相交流,老师巡堂并参与交流使学生弄清如何画数轴。
设计意图:通过学生画数轴,交流和反思,使学生真正掌握数轴的概念。
3)在数轴上表示右边各数:
4)指出数轴上a,b,c,d各点分别表示什么数。
设计意图:让学生明白任何一个有理数都可以用数轴上的一个点来表示。
下一个活动,填空:数轴上表示-2的点在原点的()边,距原点的距()表示3的点在原点的()边,距原点的距离是()。
通过填空,老师引导学生做出课本第12页的归纳
设计意图:通过从特殊到一般的方法归纳出数轴上的点的特征,逐步培养学生的抽象概括(从具体的数到字母表示的数)能力
课堂练习:
1)课本第12页的练习1、2题
2)强化练习:
(1)在数轴上标出到原点的距离小于3的整数。
(2)在数轴上标出-5和+5之间的所有的整数。
设计意图:通过练习,巩固数轴的概念;强化练习是为了培养学生用数轴解决问题的能力。
小结:什么是数轴?如何画数轴?如何在数轴上表示有理数?
1)数轴的三要素:原点、正方向、单位长度。
2)画数轴的步骤:
1.画直线;
2.在直线上取一点作为原点;
3.确定正方向,并用箭头表示;
4.根据需要选取适当单位长度。
作业:课本第17页习题1.2第2题;学生用书同步训练
设计意图:通过适量的练习有利于学生掌握所学内容,对于学有余力的同学还应该给他们足够的发展空间,让他们多做同步训练。
这节课,我通过五个活动的教学设计,既遵循了概念教学的规律,又符合初中生的认知特点,指导学生操作、观察、引导概括,获取新知;同时注重培养学生由感性认识上升为理性认识。在教学过程中让学生动口、动手、动眼、动脑为主的学习方法,使学生学有兴趣、学有所获。
数轴说课稿 数轴说课稿青岛版篇十七
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