初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿(十六篇)
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们一起来看一看吧。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇一
1、教材的地位和作用分析
本节选自人教版七年级地理上册第三章,是气候部分的基础知识,内容包括了降水的概念、降水的测定、等降水量线图、降水柱状图、降水的时空分布规律等。
本节课的教学内容在初中地理学习中,不仅容量大,而且难点多,气温的变化影响了降水的分布,降水的多少又影响了世界各地的气候变化,具有承上启下的作用,也是今后学习分区地理的基础。
2、教学目标的确定
根据课程标准,并结合学情等教学实际,本节的教学目标确立如下:
1)知识目标:
1。能举例说出降水与人类生产和生活的关系。
2。初步学会阅读世界年平均降水量分布图,说出世界降水分布的差异。
3。使用降水资料,绘制降水柱状图,并读图说明降水变化的规律。
2)能力目标:
1。培养学生读图、绘图、析图能力,判断能力及主动探究能力。
2。通过授课使学生懂得及理解降水的多少对人类活动的影响和关系。
3。通过活动设计,让学生通过动脑、动手、学会阅读和绘制水柱图。
3)情感、态度与价值观:
关注生活中的地理,增强学习地理的兴趣,增强自信心,培养学生主动探索、克服困难的意志,提高与他人合作学习的能力。
3、教学重点与教学难点:
根据教学目标,并结合学情等教学实际,本节确立如下:
教学重点:1、世界降水的分布。
2、降水的季节变化。
教学难点:降水的形成和季节变化。
教无定法,但必须得法。教学方法的选择直接影响教学目标的实现,正确的教学方法能为学生营造轻松快乐的学习氛围,有利于提高学生的学习兴趣和学习效率。本课将采用“学生观察、自主探究为主,教师启发、指导为辅 ,问题为情境,活动为主线”的教学方法。为了能更好的实现教学目标,本课将采用如下教学方法:
1、小组交流讨论法:新课程理念指导下的教学应该是以学生为主体的教学,使学生学会探究、学会思考是课程改革的核心内容之一。本课组织学生进行小组讨论活动,给予学生通过观察、合作探究,分析、解决实际问题的锻炼机会,让学生通过观察、分析、感悟、归纳,提升思维能力。
2、谈话法:谈话法有助于拉近师生的距离,便于师生交流和沟通。本课将借助多媒体课件进行教学,通过谈话法启发学生观察、思考,可以达到交流互动的效果。
3、多媒体课件辅助教学法:通过多媒体课件直观展示所学知识,有助于调动学生的学习积极性,激发学习兴趣。同时有助于理解抽象的理性知识。
1、说学情
我校是一所初级中学,地处农村,基本为农民子女,家庭经济较一般,家里几乎没有电脑,学校的图书室藏书量有限,所在地没有图书馆。
学生对本节知识具有既熟悉又新鲜的感觉,求知欲强,好奇心大,学习积极性高。初一学生在刚接触到本节内容时会觉得很熟悉,雨、雪、冰雹等降水过程,但在降水季节变化和降水的分布上,认知水平短缺,加上学生的空间思维能力不足,地理的学习方法,习惯没有完全养成,学习起来有一定的难度。
2、说学法
教学的主要矛盾是学。教是为了不教,学是为了不学。培养学生的学习能力是教学的重点。本课将从以下几方面渗透学法:
1)学会观察和分析:培养学生通过图片和资料,整理和处理信息的能力,并能分析、得出结论。
2)学会合作与交流:通过小组讨论活动,培养学生合作与交流的意识,学会合作学习。
3)学会探究:在合作与交流中学会探究,掌握科学探究的方法。
使学生通过观察、读图分析、思考、讨论、探究、归纳得出结论,并将知识落实在地图上,培养观察能力、读图分析能力、用图能力 。
(造气氛,导新课)
用电脑动画音视频材料演示降水全过程。其中用电影制作了水滴、冰晶在空中动态的运动过程,说明雨、雪、冰雹的形成,用图片展示降落的雨、雪、冰雹,形象地展示降水的三种主要形式,使学生直观获取,得出降水的定义。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇二
����
����1���ì²äµäµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²¿·öµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä²â¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½×´í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½õ·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµè¡ï¿½
�������ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä±ä»¯ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
�������ý¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1��öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1���ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����2������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½µë®ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ì¡£
����3��ê¹ï¿½ã½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½×´í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����2������ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½µë®ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����3��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½
����3����ð¡ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½
������ע�����ðµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3����ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã£º
�������ý½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£º1�����罵ë®ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ë®ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ú±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³éºí¼ï¿½ï¿½ú±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������þ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¿ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ð§ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ ������îªï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½êµï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ð¡ï¿½é½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä½ï¿½ñ§ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿î³ì¸ä¸ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢¹ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3����ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1��ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½å©ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªå©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼¸ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä¸ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸õ½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡¢ñ©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ä»¯ï¿½í½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿õ¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è¡ï¿½
����2��ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªã¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë²ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë²ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����3��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½úµï¿½í¼ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��
����
�����������õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½
�����ãµï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ë®è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡¢ñ©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡¢ñ©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û»ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇三
《中国的河流》是湘教版八年级上册第二单元的第三节,该单元以“中国的河流”为主题展开。着重讲了长江、黄河和塔里木河。
《中国的河流》旨在介绍我国河流的概况及其水文、水系特征,以我国内流区和外流区以及主要的内流河和外流河为引线,着重介绍了长江、黄河和塔里木河的特征,表达了中国地大物博,意在培养学生的爱国主义。
结合单元教学要求和本课特点,依据新课标中“知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观”三个维度,我将本课的教学目标确定为:
1.能掌握我国内流区与外流区的划分和分布,中国主要的外流河和内流河、主要湖泊;
2.了解塔里木河、长江和黄河的概况及其水文特征;
3.知道长江和黄河的资源现状,培养学生的环保意识;
4、知道中国是多山多河的国家,长江长度世界第三,亚洲第一,培养学生爱国主义精神。
由于长江和黄河的重要性,我将本课的教学重点确定为:长江和黄河的发源地、注入海洋,流经省区、流经地形区、主要支流和上中下游的划分;以及长江的开发利用和黄河的治理。
因为学生的实际情况,我将本课的教学难点确定为:长江和黄河的识记内容。
科学合理的教学方法能使教学效果事半功倍,达到教与学的和谐完美统一。基于此,我准备采用的教法是尝试法。尝试法是通过教师的引导,让学生主动地参与课堂,在各组相互的讨论中,得出问题的答案,从而获取知识。
学法上,我贯彻的指导思想是把“学习的主动权还给学生”,倡导“自主、合作、探究”的学习方式,具体的学法是讨论法,让学生养成主动学习的良好习惯。并且在知识的总结方面,让学生将自己的体会总结出来,配合教师的点拨,识记口诀和教具、挂图,让学生更好地掌握知识。
第二章中国的自然环境 第三节 中国的河流学案第二课时滚滚长江
学习目标:
1.能够说出长江的源流概况、长江各河段特征。
2.能够说出长江的干流和支流。 3.知道长江开发利用现状及综合治理。
4.通过学习长江了解我国的地大物博,培养学生的爱国主义情节。 重点与难点: 长江的源流概况、各河段特征和水能开发利用现状。
【目标导引】
以科技小制作的形式导入新课:上课之前先将任务布置下去,要学生利用课余时间用彩灯制作一个中国河流的展示图,通过作品的好坏评奖加分以资鼓励。并将最好的作品在各个班展示。
【教学策略】
首先,按我校地理组现行校本教研:问题教学法。按照循序渐进,由简到繁,由易到难的顺序提出问题,让学生思考。
然后,让学生自学课本,相互讨论,自主问答上述问题。(讨论交流)
然后,以小组pk的方式,每个组自主派个代表来问答,每组回答一题。(自我展示)
再次,让学生自己改错,发现错误的学生举手上台,修改正确的可以获得老师的奖励(包括加分或是一些小小的实物奖励如:棒棒糖等)(学生纠错)
最后,教师总结,对学生错误的地方进行分析,对完成的好的学生进行表扬加分。(教师纠错)
【教师总结】
在讲述长江源头的时候,讲清楚它跟黄河都都发源于青海省,便于前后知识的联系和连续性。在讲述长江干流的时候,讲清楚它的形状是“v”和“w”两个字母组成。(讲黄河时讲清它是“几”字形)。在讲述长江支流的时候,用口诀来讲“农民家舞,想汗干”----只要在农民家里跳舞,想身上的汗干了。来讲解长江的七条支流。便于学生记忆。
【跟踪练习1】 ⑴长江的源头所在地是 ( ) a.金沙江 b.沱沱河 c.唐古拉山 d.青藏高原 ⑵长江干流流经的直辖市共有 ( ) a.2个 b.3个 c.4个 d.5个 ⑶长江干流流经的地形区的代号:①长江中下游平原 ②青藏高原 ③四川盆地 ④横断山区,按先后流经的顺序排列正确的是 ( ) a.②③④① b.②④③① c.②④①③ d.④②③① ⑷兼跨长江中、上游的省区是( ) a.湖北省 b.江苏省 c.江西省 d.湖南省 ⑸下列湖泊中,位于长江干流以南的是 ( ) a.青海湖 b.鄱阳湖 c.巢湖 d.洪泽湖
(跟踪练习可以同样用小组pk的方式,举手抢答,回答问题最多并且全部正确的,给予适当奖励;回答最少的,给予惩罚如:轻唱两句歌,或是地理课上小组负责擦黑板等)
知识点二、长江的开发利用现状及综合治理
【合作探究】 长江水能的开发利用 长江水能资源蕴藏量占全国的____,其中可开发利用的水能资源占到全国的1/2。第1页图中字母所代表的主要水电站a______,b_______,c_____,d_____。长江三峡由____、____、____组成,位于___省和___省的交界处,长江的__游段。三峡坝址在___省,长江干流__游段,位于我国地势的第__、__级阶梯交界处,其最主要任务是______。这些水电站主要位于_____________处,原因是:__________。 思考:水能资源是否丰富,需要考虑哪些因素?__________________。
【知识拓展运用】
1、长江的航运 长江自古以来就有“黄金水道”的美誉。原因:
⑴长江干流横贯东西,江阔水深,终年不冻,宜宾以下可四季通航,干支流通航里程长。
⑵航运价值大:
①长江航线与铁路运输相比,具有运量大,投资省,成本低的优点。
②长江流域资源、农产丰富,人口和城市众多,运输需求量大。
③干流航线与京广、京九、京沪、焦柳、宝成--成昆五大铁路纵线和京杭运河相交,既沟通了内地和沿海,又联系了南北广大地区。
2、长江洪涝的原因
⑴流域面积广,支流多,夏季降水多且集中,所有支流同时来水,干流水量大,汛期长。
⑵中上游植被遭到破坏,蓄水滞水能力下降;中游泥沙淤积加剧,加上围湖造田使湖泊调蓄能力减弱;中下游地势低平,泥沙淤积,泄洪不畅。
⑶荆江河段特别弯曲,水流不畅。(“万里长江,险在荆江”)
3、治理长江的首要任务是防洪,主要的措施为:
①加固江防大提,兴建分洪、蓄洪水利工程,并重点治理荆江河段。
②退耕还林、植树造林,保持水土。
③退耕还湖、疏浚河道。
【跟踪练习2】
⑴长江中下游平原地区夏秋季节洪涝灾害频繁,其原因有( ) a.降水集中于夏秋季节 b.围湖造田,湖泊蓄水调洪能力降低 c.落差大,水流急 d.人工裁弯取直河道
⑵长江被称为“水能宝库”,其水能资源主要集中在( ) a.上游 b.中游 c.下游 d.三峡
⑶“万里长江,险在荆江"的主要原因是 ( ) a.支流多 b.流域广 c.无湖泊调节洪水 d.河段特别弯曲
⑷位于长江中游对长江水量起重要作用的湖泊是 ( ) a.洪泽湖、太湖 b.洞庭湖、鄱阳湖 c.巢湖、鄱阳湖 d.洪泽湖、洞庭湖
⑸人们把长江誉为“黄金水道”,其主要原因是 ( ) a.年径流量大 b.水能资源丰富 c.航运价值高 d.流域内矿产丰富
【教学策略】
方式与知识一相似,只是知识点不同。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇四
����
�������ð¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ôªï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æºóºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ó¡ï¿½
�������ð¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸å¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ë®ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æºóºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï²©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
������ïµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ñ§òªï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½
����1.�������ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½öºí·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;
����2.�ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»æºóµä¸å¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;
����3.öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»æºóµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶;
����4��öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾«ï¿½ï¿½
�������ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»æºóµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»æºóµä·ï¿½ô´ï¿½ø¡ï¿½×¢ï¿½ëº£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;�ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºí»æºóµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»æºóµï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â°ë¹¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½äºï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ð°¸£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ò¹á³¹ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ñ¡ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á·½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½äµã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ç¿ú¾ï¿½ï¿½í½ì¾ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������ �ð¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1.�ü¹ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.�ü¹ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 3.öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4.í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½äµø´ï¿½ï¿½ï²©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ �øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£º ������ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½
������ä¿ï¿½êµ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ô¿æ¼ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ö®ç°ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½äºã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
�������è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ�ò½¥½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼òµ½·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£(���û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
����è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½pk�ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡£(����õ¹ê¾)
�����ù´î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(�����ó·ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ð¡ð¡ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï½±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½)(ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
������󣬽�ê¦ï¿½ü½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµäºãµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó·ö¡ï¿½(��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
��������ê¦ï¿½ü½á¡¿
�����ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´í·ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ò£¬½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æºó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àº£ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ò£¬½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ç¡ï¿½v���í¡ï¿½w��������ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½(���æºï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)���ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ëº¹ï¿½é¡ï¿½----ö»òªï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡£
������������ï°1�� �å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ( ) a.��é³ï¿½ï¿½ b.������ c.�æ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ d.��ø¸ï¿½ô �æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ( ) a.2�� b.3�� c.4�� d.5�� �ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ù³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ô ����ø¸ï¿½ô ���ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �üºï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ( ) a.�ú¢û¢ü¢ï¿½ b.�ú¢ü¢û¢ï¿½ c.�ú¢ü¢ù¢ï¿½ d.�ü¢ú¢û¢ï¿½ �è¼ï¿½ç³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½( ) a.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ b.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ c.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ d.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½î»ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ( ) a.�ຣ�� b.û¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ c.���� d.�����
����(������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½pk�ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¬»ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à²¢ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;�ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ç£ºï¿½á³ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½é¸ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½)
����öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����ë®ï¿½üµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½____�����ð¿é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´õ¼ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1/2����1ò³í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªë®ï¿½ï¿½õ¾a______��b_______��c_____��d_____��������ï¿ï¿½ï¿½____��____��____��é£ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½___ê¡ï¿½ï¿½___ê¡ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ç´¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__�î¶î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½___ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__�î¶î£ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµäµï¿½__��__�����ý½ï¿½ï¿½ç´¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½______����ð©ë®ï¿½ï¿½õ¾ï¿½ï¿½òªî»ï¿½ï¿½_____________����ô���ç£ï¿½__________�� ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ç·ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?__________________��
������öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����1�������äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
�����å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¶«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����æºï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½
�����ù³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½åµã¡£
�����ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿úºí³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾©ï¿½ã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½--���������â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºí¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµøºï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2���������ôµï¿½ô��
��������������㣬ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ´ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµ½ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½;������é³ï¿½ù»ï¿½ï¿½ó¾ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;�����îµï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ù»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½é²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(�����ﳤ�������ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
����3��������������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä´ï¿½ê©îªï¿½ï¿½
�����ù¼ó¹ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½öºé¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶î¡ï¿½
�������ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¿£ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ï°2��
�����å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ô�������^�úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô����( ) a.��ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼¾ï¿½ï¿½ b.î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ c.����ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ d.�ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ö±ï¿½óµï¿½
�����æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½â¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½( ) a.���� b.���� c.���� d.��ï¿
�����ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"����òªô���� ( ) a.ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ b.����� c.�þºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ë® d.�ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������î»ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ô³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ( ) a.�������ì«ï¿½ï¿½ b.��í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ c.������û¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ d.���������í¥ï¿½ï¿½
���������ç°ñ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªô���� ( ) a.�꾶������ b.ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½á¸» c.���ë¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ d.�����ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
������ê½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ã²»í¬ï¿½ï¿½
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇五
大家好,我是赵玉倩,今天我说课的题目是《日本》,本节内容选自湘教版七年级下册第三章走进国家第一节日本第一课时"日本的自然地理"部分教学内容。
一、说教材
1、教材的地位和作用
湘教版教材编写由"大洲----地区----国家"组成,层层递减。本节是在认识大洲,了解地区这后走进的第一个国家。因此,本课从内容上是前面知识的延伸与应用,学好它又为今后学习其他国家提供了方法和思路,具有承上启下的作用。
2、教学目标:
(1)知识与技能:
a、能说出日本的位置与领土组成。
b、了解日本的地形特征及其多火山、地震的原因。
c、理解日本的海洋性季风气候特征。
(2)过程与方法:
a、运用地图和资料,了解自然地理特征,培养学生的读图、析图的能力。
b、运用板快构造学说,解释日本多火山、地震的原因。
c、初步掌握学习国家地理的方法。
(3)情感态度与价值观:
通过本节学习,学会描述一个国家的地理位置,并会分析一个国家自然环境对人类的影响。使学生树立"事物是联系的,地理环境是一个整体"的辩证唯物主义观点。
3、教学重点、难点:
(1)重点:日本位置、领土组成,地形特征。
(2)教学难点:气候类型及形成原因。
二、说学情
初一学生正处于思维逻辑发展的关键时期,逻辑能力尚不够强,但思想活跃,感情丰富,求知欲强,好胜心切,接受知识上往往带有浓厚的感情色彩,乐于接触有趣的感性知识,因此,在讲授日本时要多激发学生兴趣的方法,多以图片展示,并尽量联系实际,以增强学生印象。
三、说教法:
针对学生已有的认知结构及本节课教材特点,根据教学基本原则和规律,为实现上述目标,突出重点,分散难点,我准备采取以下教学方法进行教学:
a、在教学形式上力求突破"为了学地理而学习地理"的思想瓶颈,关注学生感兴趣的、熟悉的话题或生活常见现象,设置问题情境,创设悬念,激发学生的探究欲望。
b比较分析法,通过对照得出区域地理特征。
c 运用多媒体教学将一些静态的信息加工成声,情,形的动态信息,调动学生多种感官。吸引学生的注意力,激发学生的兴奋点,唤起求知欲,强调重点,攻破点。
四、说学法:
根据新课程理念的要求:学习对生活有用的地理,学习对终身发展有用的地理,获得必需的地理知识和技能,本节课将对学生进行如下学法指导:
(1)探究能力指导:
学生对日本较为熟悉,因此可以鼓励学生以小组为单位,经过思考、讨论来解决问题,重在参与积极思考的这一过程,以培养自我的学习探究能力。
(2)利用生活中的地理:
利用学科知识在生活中的衍生性,引导学生发现、分析周围的地理事物,从生活中学习地理,也把地理理论知识用到生活中去,两者要相结合,相促进。
(3)重视地图的作用:
地图是地理的第二语言,应该引导学生注重地图在地理学习中的作用,养成从图中提取信息、发现问题、解决问题的习惯。
五、说教学程序:
通过一系列学生所熟悉的日本的景观,创设一个生动、诱人情境吸引学生,激发学生的兴趣,使学生能够轻松愉快地进入新课的学习当中。
以前我们已经学习了大洲、地区两种范围大小不同的区域地理,如何利用地图判读一个区域的位置、范围呢?今天我们用{观察地图}要求学生自习观察地图,通过地图中了解日本的位置,领土组成。
.
以小组分组讨论计算的方式让学生动手计算日本人口密度,并与中国进行比较,引导学生得出日本地狭人稠的特点。
展示日本富士山图片,因富士山为活火山,导出日本这个国家多火山地震、火山。提问思考"日本为什么多火山地震"演示日本由于处于亚欧板块与太平洋板块交界地带,地壳比较活跃,因而多地震、火山。这样图片导入可以吸引学生的兴趣。
联系实际,学生分组讨论遇到地震时,我们该怎么办?联系实际让学生学习对生活有用的地理。
利用学生已有的知识储备,及利用日本的两个象征之一"樱花"引入气候的教学,过程中结合视频,利用其直观的视觉效果及丰富的内容让学生对气候有心理感受。
出示日本气候类型图
为了体现日本气候的海洋性特征,把其气温、降水以柱状图形式体现与北京进行对比,得出"与亚洲同纬度相比,夏季较凉爽,冬季较温暖,全年降水量较多"的特征。
为了巩固课堂学习我布置了一下练习:
1、课本66—67活动题。
2.搜集日本风俗民情材料,使学生更全面了解国家。
我的说课完毕,谢谢大家。
这篇初一地理说课稿:《日本》说课稿就介绍到这里了,希望可以帮助到大家!
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇六
������òºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±"�õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"���ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ì²ï¿½
����1���ì²äµäµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ì°ï¿½ì²ä±ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½"����----����----����"��é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����2����ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º
������1��öªê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ü£ï¿½
����a����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����b���ë½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����c�������õ±ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2�������뷽����
����a�����ãµï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����b�����ã°ï¿½ì¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����c����������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3�����ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì¡£ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"��������ïµï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"�ä±ï¿½ö¤î¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµã¡£
����3����ñ§ï¿½øµã¡¢ï¿½ñµã£º
������1���øµã£ºï¿½õ±ï¿½î»ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2����ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ô��
��������ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ä¹ø¼ï¿½ê±ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ê±òªï¿½à¼¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµêµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿î½ì²ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��í¹ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½îªêµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
����a���ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½"îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"��ë¼ï¿½ï¿½æ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����b�è½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����c ���ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½îµä¶ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ù¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·üµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµã¡£
�����ä¡ï¿½ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������â¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ§ï°ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2�����������ðµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3�����óµï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½
������í¼ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½øµï¿½í¼ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
�����塢ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò»ïµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
������ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ë´ï¿½ï¿½þ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½í¼ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½{�û²ï¿½ï¿½í¼}òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����.
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ü¶è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±è½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£
����õ¹ê¾ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¿é½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¿é½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡¢»ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½"�õ±ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"��ê¾ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½»ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¿ç±è½ï»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡¢»ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
������ïµêµï¿½ê£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ì£¿ï¿½ï¿½ïµêµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»"ó£ï¿½ï¿½"��������ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ó¾ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½
������ê¾ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼
����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´í¼ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ô±è£ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½"������í¬î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¯ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ê½µë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½"��������
����îªï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����1���î±ï¿½66��67��⡣
����2.�ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½
�����òµï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ð»ð»ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½
������æªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½î¸å£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½î¸ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇七
各位老师、同学:
大家好,今天我说课选用的是人教版地理七年级下册第八章第一节《中东》第一课时的部分内容,下面我将主要通过以下六个方面进行本节的说课。
作为区域地理的内容,“中东”这一节的教材并没有着意某一个国度,而是对于整个区域进行了总体描述。教材突出了以下几点:①长期的热点地区;②重要的地理位置;③丰富的石油资源;④匮乏的水资源;⑤宗教以及文化的差异。其目的在于使学生了解该区域一些基本的地理常识,培养善于发现问题、总结规律的能力,其中也渗透了对于读图、搜集归纳地理信息能力的训练。
这节课的教学对象是七年级学生,他们思维活跃,乐于探究,善于交流合作。但学生的基础和能力存在差异,为了实现全体学生的充分发展,我组织学生采用分组合作探究学习。其次中东地区是全世界都关注的热点地区,所涉及到的信息资源非常丰富,也是学生所渴望知道的,但由于本课教材中所涉及的内容有限无法满足学生的需要。因此非常有必要借助同学收集的课下资源来丰富我们的教学内容并进行心理健康教育的渗透。
根据地理新课程标准的要求,结合本节在教材中所处的重要地位及学生的身心发展特点,我设计了下列教学目标及重、难点。
知识与技能:读图说明中东地区的范围、位置;分析本区地理位置的重要性;
过程与方法:借助收集的资料,通过自主、合作探究学习,进一步培养学生的读图能力,和与人协作能力。
情感态度与价值观:引导学生分析中东成为热点地区的原因,呼吁世界和平,并进行心理健康教育渗透。
教学重难点:中东地理位置的重要性,以及战争频发的原因
下面我再从教法、学法上谈谈如何进行重难点教学:
根据实验中学健康学习导航的方法,以及结合本节课的特点,采用“自主合作探究” 模式展开教学,帮助、引导学生突破本节课的重、难点,促进学生产生积极的内心体验,以提高学习积极性,强化自我意识,培养情感品质。
下面我将介绍本节教学的五个环节,第一环节是:
(一)创设情境 引入新课
由于中东战争一直都是全世界关注的热点问题,所以我以中东战争为切入点通过学生所见所闻自由发言,来激发学生对中东的学习兴趣,在分析探讨引发中东战争原因的过程中很自然地引出并进入中东地理位置的学习。
(二)明确主题 探究新知
这部分内容的设计主要考虑锻炼学生搜集、整理资料的能力。通过讨论交流,拓展学生的知识面,增强学生合作、探究与交流的能力。关于中东地区地理位置重要性的教学,首先让学生快速浏览教材,从整体上把握中东地区成为长期的热点地区的原因;紧接着利用多媒体展示“中东在世界中的位置”,初步了解中东地区地理位置的重要性。再通过“中东”和“西亚”地区的对比,了解两个地区之间的差别,明确中东的范围及主要国家。最后,课件展示中东的地形图,通过问题导学的方式使学生进一步了解中东地区地理位置的`重要性以及中东地区的国家和主要城市等。
这一部分内容的教学,充分体现了教师的主导作用、学生的主体地位,通过课件中闪烁等方式演示,形象直观的对比,突破教学重难点。
(三)小组合作 汇报总结
接下来要求每个小组根据课下收集的资料合作探讨中东地区战争频发的原因,选派代表汇报讲解所探究的问题,老师点拨。这一环节可进一步培养学生的分析问题的能力和语言表达能力。
(四)巩固练习 形成能力
接下来进入达标反馈板块,采用典型题和易错题两种题型,学生运用所学知识自主完成,并进行讲解,教师点拨,培养学生的语言表达能力,同时也检验学生所学知识的程度,易于学生查漏补缺。
(五)诱导点拨 归纳总结
练习结束后,请同学归纳本课知识点,帮学生理清本节思路,又可以激发学生的自主学习热情, 为下节课学习做下铺垫。
总体上讲,在本节课的教学设计中,充分体现了“学习对学生终身发展有用的地理”这一理念,适当借鉴了其他学科的教学长处。以“战争给中东地区人民带来的深重灾难”为主线,采用小组合作探究的方式进行教学,突破教学重难点,同时唤醒学生热爱和平的意识。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇八
������î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������òºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ëµï¿½î¡ï¿½
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½úµä½ì²ä²ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ã£ºï¿½ù³ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;����òªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½;�û·á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´;���ñ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ô´;���ú½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ì¡£ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,îªï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ö·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶¼ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½î½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ç³ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½
�������ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó£¬½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¼°ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
����öªê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½;������������î»ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½;
���������뷽���������õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð��������
�������ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�ò£¬ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
�����������ù´ó½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ì¸ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
��������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ä£ê½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ù½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
���������ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
����(ò»)�����龳 �����â¿ï¿½
���������ð¶ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ô��ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ãµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����(��)��è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª
�����ⲿ�����ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ôµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��;���������ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½î»ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ô±è£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¿î¼ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµ¼ñ§ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ãµï¿½`��òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµè¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½è·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµä¶ô±è£ï¿½í»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
����(��)ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �㱨�ü½ï¿½
����������òªï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��ñ¡ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿é½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(��)ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï° ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������������귴����飬���ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ä³ì¶è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â©ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½
����(��)�õµï¿½ï¿½ã²¦ �����ü½ï¿½
������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±¾ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ îªï¿½â½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£
���������ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½æµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇九
本节课内容是在学习了人类对宇宙的认识、多层次的天体系统基础上,从地球在宇宙天体系统中的地位和行星特点这两个角度去认识地球的普通性,而地球的特殊性表现在地球上具有生命物质,生命物质存在的条件是三个“金锁链条件”。
城市的学生通过电视、电影等科幻影片了解到一些有关宇宙的零碎知识,甚至对一些科幻情节(像外星人阿凡达)信以为真,他们对有关宇宙中生命存在的形式和条件等知识充满了幻想、好奇、渴望,本节课我将通过激发学生的兴趣引导学生探究为什么地球是太阳系中一颗普通而特殊的行星。
1。知识与技能目标
利用资料证明地球是太阳系中一颗既普通又特殊的行星,理解地球上存在生命物质的原因。
2。过程与方法目标
○1。阅读“太阳系模式图”,归纳八大行星绕日公转的共同特点来佐证地球是一颗普通的行星。
○2。运用相关学科知识,从温度、水、大气等方面,分析地球上存在生命物质的条件,逆推地球上能形成生命的原因。并以小组讨论的形式,提出在宇宙中寻找外星人的依据。
3。情感态度与价值观目标
○1。通过了解地球所处的宇宙环境,树立宇宙是物质的科学宇宙观。破除迷信,反对邪教。
○2。通过科幻影片中外星人的探讨活动,一方面激发学生探究地理问题的兴趣,体验自主、合作、创新探究过程和团队意识。另一方面,培育珍惜、爱护人类共同的家园――“只有一个地球”的意识,增强关注人类未来生存空间的责任感。
○3。通过认识地球是太阳系中一颗既普通又特殊的行星,确立任何事物发展都有其普遍性和特殊性的观点。
(教师过渡:通过对教学目标的分析,根据教材和授课对象的特点,确定本节的教学重难点为)
4。教学重点:地球上生命存在的条件及原因。
5。 教学难点:地球上生命存在的原因。
(教师过渡:那么运用哪些方法和手段才能够更好的解决教学重难点内容呢?接下来我说说教法选择及学法指导)
1。 说教法
教无定法,应“以学定法”,这是新课程“以人为本”的教育思想的体现。以此为出发点,根据教学内容的特点和学生年龄特征,本节课主要采用以下教学方法:
(1)、小组合作学习:通过五个学习活动揭示地球上生命物质存在的“金锁链条件”以及日地距离、地球体积质量大小、公转自转的周期的长短对“金锁链条件”形成的影响。
(2)、情境教学法:展示太阳系运动示意图,让学生从地球的形状、运动特征分析得出地球是一颗普通的行星。
2、 说学法
“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”,本节课主要从以下几个方面渗透学法:
(1)、图表探究:学生通过阅读“太阳系的行星基本数据”和“太阳系示意图”分析 “金锁链条件”的形成。培养学生从各种地理图像中获取地理信息的能力。
(2)、合作探究:课前收集有关行星的基本数据、环境特征以及地球的相关资料,上课时分小组讨论,进一步加深理解地球存在生命的条件及原因。通过小组讨论、小组活动,培养学生的互动能力,使学生学会合作学习。
(教师过渡:下面我将重点说说具体的教学过程)
我直接切入主题进入新课的学习
活动一:多媒体展示太阳系八大行星自转公转的运动示意图(上堂课已经阅读过),让学生进一步思考行星的形状、运动特征,能否发光发热,分析归纳地球与其他行星的共同特征,从而得出地球是太阳系中一颗普通的行星。这样,通过创设符合教学内容要求的情境和提示新旧知识之间联系的线索,帮助学生构建当前所要学习的知识。
活动二:展示美国科幻片《阿凡达》当中有关的图片,设疑:真的有生命出现在地球之外的潘多拉星球吗?
生命物质存在需要哪些基本的条件呢?展示南北两极白雪皑皑的景观图片、高大雪山的图片、热带沙漠地区干旱的景观图片、中纬度湿润的沿海平原景观,前面三张图片与中纬度湿润的沿海平原景观相比较,同学们觉得造成景观迥异的自然条件是什么?通过观察、读图分析比较,由感性认识上升到理性认识,得出三个“金锁链条件”的结论。
活动三:展示地球宇宙环境中太阳的稳定性、安全性的材料以及地球与其他行星运行轨道特点,让学生共同讨论:
○1、假如太阳光照变得不稳定或者太阳突然消失,地球上将会出现怎样的情形?并对你的答案做出解释。
○2、太阳系行星的公转运动有什么特点?对地球上生命形成有什么影响?
通过学生的合作讨论,培养学生的合作精神和语言组织能力,归纳得出地球上生命存在的外部条件是稳定的太阳辐射和地球安全的运行轨道。
活动四:阅读太阳系行星基本数据表,小组通过数据对比讨论分析:
○1、地球的体积和质量(与水星、金星相比)对“金锁链条件”的形成有什么影响?
○2、 如果日地距离太远或太近(与水星金星、天王星海王星相比),情况会怎么样?
○3、地球上有适宜的温度,除日地距离外还有什么原因(提示:从地球自转和公转的周期、大气层等角度分析)?
○4、如果地球人要“移民”到其它行星,你认为哪颗行星最合适?说明理由。(我先收集有关太阳系中最有可能适宜生命存在的行星或卫星)
通过合作学习、问题探究和资料的收集分析,强化了学生学习的过程和方法,揭示了地球上存在生命物质条件的形成原因。
活动五:展示大气污染图片、水污染图片、全球变暖导致的气候恶化的图片(如洪涝、干旱等),同学们思考来之不易的“金锁链条件”正在发生怎样的变化?
师生共同归纳提高 :引导学生用历史唯物主义的观点去看待地球上生命物质存在的“金锁链条件”即地球上存在生命物质具有一定的历史性,翻开地球生命物质孕育发展的进化史,人们不难发现从时间的角度看地球有悠久的过去,生物的出现和进化只是其中的一小段,而人类历史更是短暂的一瞬,地球上还有漫长的未来,现今适应生物生存的条件在若干千年、万年后将走向何方?还将由许多目前人类还无法确定的因素所决定,但有一点肯定是无疑的,那就是人为原因造成的环境恶化将是人类生存环境受严重威胁,处理不当,导致地球生命物质存在条件的缺失或消失,直至生物从地球上消失。让我们一起更加珍惜和保护来之不易的”金锁链条件”。
作业布置:阅读关于火星人的科幻小说,参考深空探测活动的新闻报道,说明火星人可能存在的生命形式。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十
����
�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµí³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµí³ï¿½ðµäµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������ðµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½è¿æ»ï¿½ó°æ¬ï¿½ë½âµ½ò»ð©ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½
����
����1��öªê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
������������ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ô��
����2�������뷽��ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
������1���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµä£ê½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é°ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½×ªï¿½ä¹ï¿½í¬ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½
������2���������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶è¡ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�ò¡£²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����3�����ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
������1��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
������2��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»ï¿½ó°æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ì½ï¿½ö»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½å¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¹²í¬ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ô°ï¿½d�d��ö»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡±µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ð¡ï¿½
������3��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·¢õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¹ûµã¡£
��������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ì²äºï¿½ï¿½ú¿î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½
����4����ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����5�� ��ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ô��
��������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶î²ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ì·ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1�� ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½
�������þ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½úµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½õµø¾ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµä³ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³éµï¿½ó°ï¿½ì¡£
������2�����龳��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ë¶ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½
����2�� ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½
�������������㲻���������桱�����ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����í¼ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����������������î³é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¸ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2��������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
��������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½
����
������ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°
�����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ñ·¢¹â·¢ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¹ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½â¾ï¿½öªê¶ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����
���������õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»ï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹øµï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß´ï¿½ñ©é½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½é³ä®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½æ½ô���û£ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½æ½ô������è½ï£ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï£ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
���������õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ôµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½
������1������ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½í»è»ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½
������2��ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¹ï¿½×ªï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½øµã£¿ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ó°ï¿½ì£¿
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½â²¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¶ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��������������������ë®ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ó°ï¿½ì£¿
������2�� ����õµø¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3�������������ëµï¿½ï¿½â¶è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµø¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â»¹ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ô����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½í¹ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ç¶è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������4�����������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡±µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ìºí·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ô��
����
������壺õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½è¾í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ»¯µï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½éºï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·î¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ûµï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½úµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ñ·ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ä½ç¶è¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¾ãµä¹ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½öºí½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ð¡ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ò»ë²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¹ï¿½þ·ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä£ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªô����éµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ»¯½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï§ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¿æ»ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ü´ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十一
[练习巩固]
课本:
p66-67活动题
调查身边的日本事物
思考:假如你是日本首相,依据日本自然条件你会如何发展日本的经济?
回忆,总结
学生看图思考
读图,说出日本的位置和领土组成。
试着分析
计算日本的人口密度
学生回答:“不对”
认真观察
读图完成相应练习
讨论
观看视频
学生讨论
学生思考、讨论
学生回忆,回答
课后分组讨论学习
让学生了解学习自然地理的一般思路,也是归纳方法,实现技能的迁移、巩固
创设教学情境,利用学生兴趣的问题引入,提起学生的学习热情,使学生在好奇心驱使下,以高度智力投入学习活动,而且是学习内容和形式都十分丰富的学习活动。突出学生学习的“主体性”和教师的主导作用。
学以致用,举一反三
培养运用地理语言准确表述的能力
利用多媒体给学生直观感受
利用学生兴趣的问题引入,创设情境,同时充分估计了学生的回答,自然的实现教学内容的过渡
利用地图的优势,化抽象难以理解的或无法了解的内容以直观简洁的方式呈现
培养学生的读图观察、应用资料的能力,在学习的过程中直接掌握知识,也作为参与教学的一种形式培养将地理事物联系起来思考问题,应用知识解决问题的能力,同时联系生活实际,体现学习对生活有用的地理的课改精神
不用成熟的结论来代替学生的思考,问题解决得完美与否并不重要,只要能促使学生发表自己的见解,教学就是成功的。
通过对照得出区域地理特征
锻炼学生的思维,也学会比较法在地理中的使用及重要性
通过回顾一节课的教学内容,以结构图的形式展示出来,让学生有一个清晰的思路,同时更好的理解地理事物之间存在内在联系的观点
“调查身边的日本事物”给了学生突破课堂学习的空间,使其能自主或合作式地了解我们身边的世界,让地理的学习在课外得到延伸,同时也体现地理就在生活之中的课改思想,锻炼学生的应用知识能力。“假如你是日本首相……。”角色扮演,提高学生兴趣,同时也作为下一节课教学的知识准备。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十二
本节课是高中地理必修一的最后一节内容,从它的位置安排就可以看出它的定位:即是对自然地理知识的总结、归纳和融合。所以在教学中应充分联系学生已有的旧知识,做好纵向、横向联系,启发学生的思维,培养学生的地理思维能力。
本节教材从总体上看,包括两部分内容,一是自然地理环境的基本特征之一──差异性,二是陆地环境的地域分异规律。陆地环境的地域分异规律是通过自然带的地带性分布规律来体现的。
本节课主要是以地理分布规律为中心内容,在教学时,要突出读图分析、推断的环节,而且所提供的图表、资料必须有利于学生分析、推理能力的培养和提高。
1、自然地理环境差异性的含义和体现。
2地理环境的地域分异规律及产生的原因。
1、地理环境的地域分异规律及产生的原因。
2、地理环境的地域分异规律与农业生产地域差异的关系。
1.认识和理解自然地理环境的地域差异特点
2.了解地理环境差异性的分异规律
3.提高读图和语言表达能力,以及地理空间思维能力的培养
4.运用地理环境差异性的原理,分析人类生活和生产中的现象
1.尝试运用所学的地理知识和技能对“世界陆地自然带分布图”进行分析,并可以图文转换;阅读“喜马拉雅山的垂直地域分异图”,获取 “山地的垂直地域分异规律”。
2.学会与他人合作,并学会发现问题和解决问题;
3.运用适当的方法和手段,表达、交流、反思自己地理学习和探究的体会和见解
1.激发探究地理问题的兴趣和动机,养成求真、求实的科学态度,提高地理审美情趣。
2.树立地理环境的差异性普遍存在的思想,因此在利用自然中要做到因地制宜。
本节内容是第五单元第二节内容,学生学完了前四章内容,已基本掌握了气候、生物、土壤、水文和植被等地理环境要素间关系,估计学生通过读图、讨论和思考,应该能得出地理环境的基本特点――地域差异性。但地域差异性的分异规律对学生来讲仍有一定的难度。
① 问题探究教学法
② 多媒体教学法
③ 图文转化教学法
④ 案例教学法
⑤ 讨论归纳教学法
① 小组合作学习法
② 图表学习法
③ 比较学习法
④ 案例学习法
自然地理环境的差异展示世界不同地区的自然景观图片
板书并明确自然带概念观看景观图片,说出地理环境的差异从事实中感受地域差异在自然地理环境中是普遍存在的。
运用“世界陆地自然带分布图”,分析地理环境的从赤道向两极的地域分异规律及原因展示指导学生读“世界陆地自然带分布图”以非洲为例,分析说明从赤道向两极的地域分异规律读图分析归纳运用直观图像使学生感知自然现象,培养学生概括总结能力。
板书:读图分析并说明原因培养学生读图能力,加深由赤道向两极地域分异规律的理解
运用“世界陆地自然带分布图”,分析地理环境的从沿海向内陆的地域分异规律及原因展示指导学生读“世界陆地自然带分布图”以亚欧大陆中纬度为例,分析说明从沿海向内陆的地域分异规律读图分析归纳运用直观图像使学生感知自然现象,培养学生概括总结能力。
板书:读图分析并说明原因培养学生读图能力,加深由沿海向内陆地域分异规律的理解
出示表格(见附表)学生填表总结检查学生本节课知识的掌握情况
反馈提问:我国西北地区种草好还是种树好?利用资料说明理由。阅读p98页活动资料,回答问题。理论联系实际、学以致用
我们学习了哪些地域分布规律?产生的原因是什么?回忆上节课内容承上启下,顺利进入新课的学习
运用“喜马拉雅山的垂直地域分异图”,说出陆地自然带的垂直方向分布规律并分析其原因指导学生读“喜马拉雅山的垂直地域分异图”思考以下问题:
1南坡从山麓到山顶有哪些自然带?
2分析说明分布规律及其原因。
3分析喜马拉雅山南北坡的垂直带谱为什么有这么大的差异?(选用)
展示乞力马扎罗山垂直带谱示意图和喜马拉雅山的垂直地域分异图,引导学生比较自然带谱的数量多少和基带的差异。读图分析,回答问题
从地形、海拔高度变化等因素对环境的影响,进一步培养学生分析归纳问题能力
培养学生学会用比较的方法分析问题
出示表格(见附表)学生填表总结检查学生本节课知识的掌握情况
引导学生阅读材料,提问:为什么要因地制宜地进行农业生产?阅读p99页材料,回答问题让学生了解人们在农业生产中怎样利用地域分异规律
提问:你还能举出因地制宜发展农业的实例吗?发言培养表达能力,理论联系实际的能力,出示课堂练习(见)。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十三
������î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òºã£ï¿½
����������ëµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ì±ï¿½×¼êµï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½é¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ó¡ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ê¹ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����
�������ú½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡¢ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿úµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾þ´ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½µë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�����⹤å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ô���è£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö°ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�ï²ï¿½ï¿½øµä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµø¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
�����ý´ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î±ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½
����
������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ëµø¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����
�����ﵽ�ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®í³ï¿½ï¿½í¼ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµø¹ï¿½ïµð����õ¹ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����
�������ý¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµîªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã¡£ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºí½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºí½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµîªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã¡£
���������������ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½å±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¸¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ê¦îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµä¶ô±ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ê½µë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½í»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
�����ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¸¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ë½²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�����⹤å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ô���è£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1.�������û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
����2.�������ⷨ���ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�����ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¼°í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ£ï¿½
����3.�è½ï½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹®ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����
����������ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½øµã¼°ó¡ï¿½èµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¿
����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½øµã£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë´ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§×ªï¿½ä¡£
��������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ü½á£ºó¡ï¿½è´ó²¿·öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ê½µë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¶à£¬ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ã½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü´ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì¡£îªï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½
����
����ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü¶ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ó´ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ïµí³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµè¡ï¿½
��������������øµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½
�������î±ï¿½37ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âºí½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¬ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ê¼¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½â·ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½â·ý£ï¿½
�����çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¾ï¿½ä½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ýºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùµï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½
������í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ó£¿µï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������ê²ã´ô��������æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
������í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1�â¡ï¿½7��ê¢ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµä½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðºï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½p38ò³ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������ã½ï¿½å¸¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ò¹ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ò²í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����
����ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ä»¯ï¿½ó¡£¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½
����ת�ð£ï¿½ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½å©òµ
����1.����ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ú¶à£¬ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½20�����ï°ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½20����60�����ó¡ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµ½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ì¸²ï¿½øµä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ô��ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ïµï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����1.�����ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½µë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ü½á¡£ï¿½ï¿½
����3.����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë£ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ü½á£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4.�����ï¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë£ºîªê²ã´ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ì£¿
����ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½×ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½×¾ó¶à£¬ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½â¸é¸ï¿½ô����ð¡ï¿½×ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¸ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½â¡£
����ó¡ï¿½è²ëµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½×´ï¿½ë¾ó¶à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ð»æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²í¹ý£ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½
����
����ó¡ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ú¶à¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½æ¾ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½öºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡£µï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½æ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¸ß¿æ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²½¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ðµä¹ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十四
各位评委、各位老师,大家好!
今天我说的课题是《水旱灾害和印度农业》,这一课题选自人教版的义务教育课程标准实验教科书《地理》七年级下册的第七章第三节《印度》,适用于七年级学生学习使用。
本节教材属于世界地理分区部分。印度是南亚面积最大、人口最多、自然条件最具有代表性的国家。本课题教材内容是在学生了解了印度的地形与人口的基础上,结合学生已有的气候知识,来分析水旱灾害频繁与西南季风的关系;接着讲述了印度农业生产的巨大变化,教材还安排了南亚季风图与印度年降水量、农作物及矿产分布图以及三处学生课堂活动内容,进一步培养学生综合分析地理事物的能力。本节用意在于使学生避免死记硬背,能够利用地理材料探究印度水旱灾害频繁的原因、理解工农业生产布局的原理等,从而提高学习能力。教材的这种安排,也从农业发展与人口压力、农作物的分布与自然条件的关系、工业生产布局与原料产地的关系等方面体现了环境-资源-人口这一主线,正确地阐明人地关系。
据此,根据新课标要求和学生已有的知识基础和认知能力,确定本节课的教学目标如下。
认识地形、气候与农业生产的关系,理解有关人地关系、生产布局的基本知识。
达到能够利用孟买气温、降水统计图说出热带季风气候的特征,理解南亚季风与水旱灾害的关系。
通过对治理印度水旱的讨论,激发学生了解自然,改造自然的情感,培养人地关系协调发展观。
根据课程标准及教学目标要求,确定印度水旱灾害与西南季风的关系为教学重点。印度的农作物分布与地形和降水量的关系既为教学重点亦为教学难点,因为学生综合分析事物的能力较差,分析事物缺乏全面性,故确定印度的农作物分布与地形和降水量的关系为教学难点。
综上所述,我把本课教学用一课时,关于印度的水旱灾害首先通过媒体报道,让学生从感性上认识灾害的无情,接着通过多媒体辅助教学,小组讨论分析南亚季风对降水的影响。关于印度农业部分,以教师为主导、学生为主体,通过演示,形象直观的对比印度的年降水量与农业带的分布等,突破教学重难点。
在教学方法上,我通过多媒体辅助教学,使教学演示与讲解更为直观,符合学生的认识规律。主要通过读图分析法、对比分析法,充分利用课本所提供的练习和资料,培养学生综合分析地理事物的能力。
让学生自读课文、分组讨论,探究印度水旱灾害频繁的原因,理解工农业生产布局的原理等,从而提高学习能力。
1.分组讨论法:教师提出问题,引导学生读书读图,找出解决问题的办法,促使学生积极思考,变学会为会学;
2.分析讲解法:对地理原理和难点,教师运用多媒体及图、表辅助,分析讲解,予以突破;
3.比较教学法:通过与已知的地理知识的纵向、横向比较,开拓学生的思维,加深对知识的理解与巩固。
首先是前提测评:复习印度人口特点及印度的地形特点?
接着请学生自读课文“水旱灾害频繁”,说说印度气候有何特点?板书。这一部分内容不多,目的是为了促使学生积极思考,使学生由学会到会学转变。
下面师生共同总结:印度大部分地区属于热带季风气候为主。由于受季风的影响,年降水量极不稳定,有的年份多,有的年份少,水旱灾害频繁。
多媒体展示印度的水旱灾害,利用图片与新闻,让学生从感性上认识自然灾害的无情,激发同情心。
水旱给印度人民的生产和生活带来了很大影响。为了抵御水旱灾害,印度人民是怎样抵御自然灾害的?
印度人民修建了很多水利工程,例如,北部恒河、印度河流域规模庞大的灌溉系统,南部的防旱贮水池等。
但是面对严重的水旱灾害,印度现有的水利工程依然显得有些不足。是什么因素导致印度水旱灾害频繁呢?下面我们一起来分析一下。
读课本37页孟买年内各月气温和降水量图,分析一下受热带季风影响,印度的雨集中在几月份?旱季又集中在几月份?
那旱季与雨季的降水量,最多的月份和最少的月份相比要差多少?
请同学们前后桌一组,结合你的生活实际讨论一下,雨季来临时会是一番什么样的景象?到了旱季农田里又会是一幅什么样的景象呢?
那是什么原因造成如此频繁的水旱灾害呢?
请同学们读南亚季风图,比较分析1月、7月盛行风向有什么不同?西南季风对印度的降水有何影响?完成p38页的表,以说明印度的水旱灾害与西南季风变化的关系。
多媒体辅助教学,师生共同总结:我国也是季风气候,我国也同样是一个水旱灾害频发的国家,请结合我国的国情,讨论该如何治理印度的水旱灾害?大修水利工程,引导从我国的南水北调工程借鉴经验。
印度以热带季风气候为主,降水季节变化大。季风活动不稳定,造成水、旱灾害频繁,影响了农业的发展。
转承:印度的农业
1.由于水旱灾害频繁,生产技术落后,人口众多,使得印度在20世纪上半叶粮食生产不能自给自足,每年进口大量的粮食。20世纪60年代后,印度的粮食生产由不能自足到自给有余,发生了翻天覆地的变化,是什么原因使粮食生产有这么大变化的呢?下面请同学们自读课文。
在学生自读课文之后,我通过启发式提问,安排了如下一系列小组讨论活动。
1.读资料“绿色革命”,说说它有什么意义?它对我们的家乡农业生产有什么启发?
2.通过对比印度水稻和小麦分布图与地形图和年降水量分布图,说说水稻和小麦分布与地形、降水量有什么关系?(通过展示师生共同总结。)
3.接着通过讨论棉花、黄麻、茶叶的分布与地形、降水量的关系。在此,我把全班分成五组,请每一组同学讨论一种农作物的分布与地形、降水的关系。学生小组讨论,师生共同总结,通过多媒体展示结果。
4.看资料剪辑“饮食习惯”,想一想:为什么印度南、北方人民的日常饮食有这么大的差异?
印度人的主食主要是大米和面食。北方以小麦、玉米、豆类等为主,东部和南方沿海地区以大米居多,中部德干高原则以小米和杂粮为主。印度人的副食分肉食和素食两类,但是印度人不吃牛肉。
印度菜的一大特点就是糊状菜居多,而且还加以各种色素,因此常有黄的汤,绿的糊,红的泥。如果没有一段时间的适应,是很难习惯的。此外,无论在家庭还是餐馆,印度人认为生水是最好的饮料(建议最好煮沸),餐桌上总会有一杯凉水。
印度和我国都是人口众多、历史悠久、自然灾害频繁的国家,都是发展中国家,人口压力大,经济同发达国家相比还比较落后。但是发展中国家也不是样样都落后的,大力发展科技、促进高新技术产业的发展、开拓高科技产品的国际市场,是发展中国家逐步赶上世界经济水平的最佳途径。请大家预习“发展中的工业”。
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十五
����
�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ã°ï¿½ï¿½å¾í¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºï¿½ï¿½úºï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¾ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ú½ì²ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½â½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø´ï¿½ï¿½ô·ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä¡ï¿½
�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ê±ï¿½ï¿½òªí»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ïµä»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
����
����
����1����è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����2���������äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����
����1�����������äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����2�����������äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����
����
����1����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½
����2���ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3����߶�í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4�����ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ô����������������������ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1������������ñ§ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ ��é½ï¿½øµä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½á·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£»
����3�������êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����2���������������ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½
����
�������������çµï¿½ï¿½åµ¥ôªï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ñ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½äºï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½d�d��������ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è¡ï¿½
����
������ ����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ ��ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ í¼ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ ������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ ���û¹ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
������ í¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
������ �è½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
������ ����ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����
����
������è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²»í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬
�������鲢��è·ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµä¡ï¿½
�������ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ô��õ¹ê¾ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������飺��í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ô������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ô��õ¹ê¾ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å·ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������飺��í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ô������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£¨¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ê£ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ýºã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½p98ò³ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµêµï¿½ê¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô����ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°
�������ã¡ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£º
����1���â´ï¿½é½â´ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����3����ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½âµä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ì£¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ã£ï¿½
����
����õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùºí»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ì¡£ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����óµï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ß¶è±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¶ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±è½ïµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£¨¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½îªê²ã´òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½p99ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ê£ï¿½ï¿½ã»¹ï¿½ü¾ù³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½õ¹å©òµï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµêµï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
初中地理说课稿 七年级地理说课稿篇十六
����[��ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½]
�����î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����p66-67���
�����������ߵ��õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½
�������䣬�ü½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ë¼ï¿½ï¿½
������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
�������å·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£º¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
��������û²ï¿½
������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï°
��������
�����û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµ
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ø´ï¿½
�����îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ç¨ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������ñ§ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ö·á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ãµï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½û²ì¡¢ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ó¦ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î¸ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ²¢²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ü´ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ò²ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è½ï·ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¹ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ô½á¹¹í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ä¹ûµï¿½
�������������ߵ��õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¿õ¼ä£¬ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ðµä¿î¸ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¿î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½