雅思写作方法总结 雅思写作如何得高分总结
总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料,它可以促使我们思考,我想我们需要写一份总结了吧。怎样写总结才更能起到其作用呢?总结应该怎么写呢?那么下面我就给大家讲一讲总结怎么写才比较好,我们一起来看一看吧。
雅思写作方法总结一
首先,当然是词汇。任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章,都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词。从文章的选材而言,范围是十分丰富的,主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志,内容涉及任何一个国家的文化、经济、自然和科技等。而IELTS考试所考查的,是实际运用语言的能力,所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词,或是题目中真正考查到的单词,往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词。这些单词虽然数量不多,难度不大,但却是必须掌握的。就考试而言,掌握6000左右的常用词汇,即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的。
第二,复杂的句型结构。有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右,但是依然感觉读不懂文章,这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句。如:The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子,主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 从based on到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语。后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句,充当presumption的同位语。在同位语的后面,有一个if 引导的条件状语从句。一般而言,对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句,倒装结构,所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析。
第三,题型多样化。这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生,在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解,或是被众多题型干扰,不能正常发挥。一些必考题型如list of headings, summary, T/F/NG等,可以作为练习重点。如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型,普遍感到非常难找。其实不然,只要记住两大原则即可。原则一,顺序原则。summary题的答案排列顺序,必定与文章的行文顺序一致。原则二,完整的summary,不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义,而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章。所以根据语法也可以进行判断。
在准备考试的过程中,除了要做IELTS考题之外,还要进行泛读和快速阅读。泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章,在网站上可以找到,目的是熟悉单词和句型。快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解,并把握其主旨。同时,在重点句子和词汇上做出标记。这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大,平时可多加练习。另外,为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯,不能边看边用嘴跟着读,眼、嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到),先不要紧张,要通过英语构词法(前缀、词根和后缀)来分析推测词义,或结合上下文、前后词语去猜测,如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义,可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的,还是否定的,实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了,实在不行就做上记号,将来看一看是否影响答题,如无影响就坚决忽略。
雅思写作方法总结二
线索词类型:
第一类:代词 eg. this, it, they
如果要插入的句子中有代词,可是代词所指代的内容又没有出现在句子本身,那么我们就可以根据代词的单复数等性质找到它指代的内容,再插入到该句之后。
For example:
Where would the sentence best fit?
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. ■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.
看到了this,明显指代的是前文所提到的内容。再根据句子后半部分a question that has puzzled scientists for ages, 了解到this的指代内容原来是个question, 并且是科学难题呀。再看原文的四个插入点,第二个就明显很合适了。
第二类:名词 eg. 在句子中的形式一般为:this/these/such/another…+名词
如果句子中的线索词不是第一类的代词,而是以第二类的这种形式出现,那么这个最后的名词就是我们的线索词,童鞋们要对于这个词保持敏感。这个名词一般会在原文已经出现过,我们要找到这个地方,再把句子插入适当的位置。之后要考虑句子插入后是否与插入口后面的句子保持正确的逻辑关系,如果逻辑通顺,就OK啦!
For example:
Where would the sentence best fit?
This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.
■ the raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■
这里的线索词就是economic reliance,回去原文找根源,第二个插入口前面一句the raise of livestock is a major economic activity…,发现economic reliance就是major economic activity就是同义转换。但是这个时候不要过于着急把句子插进第二个插入口,你想一下啊,有可能作者在说这个topic的时候,有可能用了几个句子来阐述,所以要严谨一些,看看如果插入第二个口,和右边句子的意思是否能衔接。这个例子中,插入句子描写了一个不好的结果—overgrazing,而第二个插入口后一句话就是写了consequences of excessive grazing,因此逻辑上也是通顺的,可以安心地把句子放在第二个插入口啦!
第三类:逻辑词 eg.however/but /thus/accordingly/consequently/hence ...
以上两类线索词都是根据文中的语法联系来解题的,可是有些题目中的插入句没有这两类线索词,那么它的线索词就可能是一些表示因果、转折等各种逻辑关系的逻辑词,举例来说就是,however/but…这类表转折和 thus/accordingly …这类表因果关系的词,相信大家在写作的时候已经把这些词倒背如流了吧!这一类的插入题可能比前两类线索词的题要相对难一些,因为干扰项会比较强大,但是只要细心,理清前后句的逻辑关系,童鞋们还是可以攻克滴!
For example:
Where would the sentence best fit?
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
这个题目中,插入局句首的consequently就是一个表结果的线索词,表明前文所说的事情导致了tunas 不需要吸入水。我们看到第二个插入点的前一句话说,tunas张开嘴,水就会被推进他们的嘴里,如果把插入句放在这句后面逻辑上是十分连贯的。可是一些人会觉得第三个插入点也很合适,因为这个插入点的前一句说,tunas失去了其他鱼用来吸水的肌肉,如果后面说tunas不需要吸水貌似也合理,但是要注意,插入句用的是需要(need),如果tunas失去了肌肉,那么就是不是需不需要,而是可不可以了。插入第二个插入点后,再检查下前后文的连贯,发现很适合。如果放在第三个插入点的话,和后文的衔接就会变得奇怪。因此,童鞋们要细心一些,记得检查!
对于雅思阅读中三类线索词的方法解析就是这些啦,各位童鞋对于插入题的做题方法应该也会有所体会和收获了吧!
最后总结一下喽,雅思阅读-插空题三步走:
步骤1:在要插入的句子中找到线索词
步骤2:通读原文,找到满足线索词插入的地方
步骤3:瞻前顾后,检查插入后原文前后的逻辑和表达是否通顺
雅思写作方法总结三
关于逻辑关系词在阅读中的作用,我们首先来看一段文字:
The discourse markers signal relationships: between different parts of the discourse … the main reason for studying them is their usefulness in helping the reader to work out the meaning of difficult text. They often show the relationship the writer intends between two parts of the text, so if you can understand one part, the discourse marker is a possible key to the other part. (Christine Nuttall, 1996. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language, Heinemann)
关于“discourse marker”,P.H.Matthews在其Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 一书中是这样描述的:Any of a variety of units whose function is within a larger discourse rather than an inspanidual sentence or clause: e.g. but then in But then he might be late. “discourse marker”虽然范围更加广泛一些,但从以上文字不难看出,它包括了我们所熟悉的逻辑关系词(即文章中用于表示并列,转折,举例,因果,递进,让步,总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词组)。也由此可见,特别重视形式逻辑和思维分析的英语行文,在词语之间和句子之间往往会借助各种逻辑关系词清楚表达思维逻辑和语意关系。因此了解和掌握逻辑关系词可以帮助我们把握文章中语意的转换和发展,理解文章重点表达的意思。
具体到雅思阅读,逻辑关系词在解题中体现出两大功能 :
一、语意推断
语意推断主要是运用于重点题型之一的摘要题(Summary)。具体是指根据空格所在句及前后句的逻辑关系词,分析词语之间,句子之间的语意关系,推断出所缺单词的大致含义。
例如:
1.剑4 / P77 / Q38
Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a particular linguistic feature.
根据while这个表示对比或转折的逻辑关系词,可以判断它前后部分是对比或反义关系。“a wide range of language”指的是语言研究的广泛的各个方面,可以预判空格处应是指具体的方面。
2.剑1 / P20 / Q4-5
The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of friction by, for example, rapidly rotating a wooden stick in a round hole.
根据介词“by”和“for example”这个表示举例的逻辑关系词,可以预判第二个空格应是和“creation of friction”(产生摩擦)的具体动作有关的词。
3.剑1 / P20 / Q6
The use of percussion or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe …
根据表示并列的逻辑关系词or,可以判断它前后部分是并列关系。Chipping是“削,凿”的意思,可以预判空格处应是类似意思的词。
二、定位
根据对历年真题的总结分析,雅思阅读考试的一个重要规律是:题干中的句子之间,词语之间的逻辑关系在原文中一般不变(但表现方式可能会变)。这一规律使得逻辑关系词可以有效地协助题干关键词在原文中定位答案信息源。尤其在摘要题(Summary)中这一方法使用频率很高。
例如:
1.剑5 / P50 / Q30-31
题干:In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the technical vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas.
原文:First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world … (Para.7)
题干中出现的neither…nor…是连接两个否定概念的并列逻辑关系词。原文中对应出现了完全相同的逻辑关系,即first, it lacked …, second it lacked …(表现方式有所变化)。我们可根据这种对应的逻辑关系在原文中快速定位答案信息源。
2.剑5 / P50 / Q33-34
题干:Although English was then overtaken by German, it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the industrial revolution.
原文:In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. … However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary.
题干中出现的两种逻辑关系均在原文中对应出现。一是表示转折关系的although, 对应于原文中的however;二是表示因果关系的as a direct result of 对应于原文中表因果的逻辑关系词as。很显然,这对于题干信息的定位意义重大。
3.剑5 / P70 / Q25-26
题干:To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of artificial floods in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through desalination in the longer term.
原文:In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available.
题干中出现了表示递进的逻辑关系词in the short term … in the longer term …。快速查读原文,可定位于文中相同的逻辑结构in the immediate future … in the long term …。
另外,对雅思真题文章进行精读训练的同学会发现,除了以上两大功能之外,逻辑关系词在原文中的位置还常常是命题考点最集中的地方。因此学习和掌握逻辑关系词在阅读中的功能和作用,将对提高答题的速度起关键性的作用。同时,能够熟练运用逻辑关系词对于写出条理清楚,层次分明的雅思作文也大有帮助。
附:雅思考试中常见的逻辑关系词
1.表示并列关系
likewise once again/once more in (much) the same way (manner) similarly/similar to vice versa also/as well as not only … but also … both … and … neither … nor … like/just like as/just as equally namely or and
2.表示转折关系
but/yet/whereas however otherwise in contrast (to) conversely though/although nevertheless unlike in spite of despite on the contrary even if/even though
on the one hand …, on the other hand … instead (of) not as … as … rather than even so vary different from differ from
While
3.表示举例
For example/for instance/e.g. such as that is/namely/i.e.
in other words in general/in particular a case in point is especially specifically
4.表示因果关系
as a result as a consequence consequently so/therefore/thus then for this reason hence accordingly because/because of owing to thanks to on account of
Since due to …, for as this is why
5.表示递进关系
and then as well as again another also/too in addition (to) additionally additional besides (that) moreover furthermore not only … but also … what’s more
6.表示让步关系
Though/although while even though/even if nevertheless in spite of/despite admittedly
7. 表示总结
in a word in brief in short above all all in all on the whole in general to conclude/in conclusion to sum up/to summarize/in summary
总之,如果抓好了雅思阅读中的逻辑关系词,那么也就是从词和句这个层面上抓住了雅思阅读的逻辑主线,往往来说,雅思阅读中很多解题点的设置也在这些逻辑关系词的前后。
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