2023年质量守恒定律说课稿PPT六篇(实用)
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质量守恒定律说课稿PPT篇一
1.教材内容的地位和作用
在本节之前,学生已经学习了一些化学知识,知道了物质经过化学反应可以生成新的物质,但是并没有涉及到反应物与生成物质量之间的问题。而本节开始了从生成何种物质向生成多少物质方面的过渡,引导学生从量的方面去研究化学反应的客观规律,为化学方程式书写和计算的教学做好理论准备。以往一些学生不能正确书写化学方程式或进行有关计算,就是因为没有正确理解质量守恒定律,所以本节内容是第四章的基础,也将对全部初中化学乃至今后的化学学习起到至关重要的作用。
2.教学目标
教学目标的确定必须科学、简明,切合教材要求、切准学生实际,切实突出重点,体现全面性、综合性和发展性。为此,确定了以下教学目标:
(1)知识目标
①记住质量守恒定律的内容,能理解质量守恒定律的涵义,会运用质量守恒定律解释,解决一些化学现象和问题。
②学有余力的同学能对质量守恒定律的简单应用进行分类归纳。
(2)能力目标
①培养学生的实验操作能力、观察能力。
②培养学生全面分析、逻辑推理和综合归纳能力。
③初步了解自然科学研究的基本方法。
(3)情感目标
①树立透过现象认识事物的本质的辩证唯物主义观点。
②体验科学发现真理的途径和方法。
3.教学重点、难点
根据教学大纲、教材内容设置及对今后教学的影响,本节的教学重点为理解和运用质量守恒定律。这也是本节教学的难点。
根据教学目标的要求、教材和学生的特点,本节课我采用讲授法、谈话法、讨论法、实验法。
1.讲授法。它能在较短的时间内通过口头语言,简捷地传授化学知识信息。如上课之初,教师导出本节课所要学习的主题,提出所要达到的目标,这样便于学生明确探索方向,激发学习动机。
2.谈话法。就是教师根据学生已有的知识和经验,帮助学生发现问题,让学生基于以往的经验,依靠他们的认识能力、形成对问题的解释、提出他们对问题的假设的方法。如在本节中当学生发现“反应物的质量同生成物的质量之间究竟有什么关系”这个问题后,教师引导学生对自己发现的问题作出尽可能多的假设,教师不压抑学生思维,不管对或错,都不忙于作出结论,这样学生的思路会开阔,思维的火花会闪现。
3.讨论法。就是要教师根据教学内容设置问题、创设情境,组织协作学习、展开讨论和交流,让学生畅所欲言、各抒己见,通过师与生、生与生之间的“会话”,自己得出结论。在这个过程中每个学习者的想法都为整个学习群体共享,而且把学生之间的差异作为一种资源,大家互相帮助、互相鼓励,大家都在原有的基础上有所提高、有所发展,不断体验成功的喜悦。如在这节课的后面,教师提出:你认为在化学反应中,哪些项目(指标)不变?哪些项目(指标)改变了?哪些项目(指标)可能变也可能不变?先让学生进行独立思考,然后进行小组讨论,最后请一些同学作组际间交流,教师真心倾听、真心欣赏、真心关注每位发言的学生,但不作评论、引发学生更深层次地探索和思考,进而让学生你来我往、唇枪舌战,在一派“学术争鸣”的气氛中将问题引向深入,当争论进行到白热化程度,教师对学生的观点进行归纳和点评。
4.实验法。这是反映化学学科特点、学习化学知识的最有效途径。基本方法是让学生自己动手做实验或观察教师演示实验,边观察、边记录、边思考、边讨论,实现以观生趣、以趣激疑、以疑导思、以思求知、以知增能。如本节中,按探究性实验的程序即“发现问题——提出假设——设计实验——实验求证——得出结论”来组织教学,让学生分组进行实验、得出结论。这样学生通过在做实验、思考、分析、讨论和交流的基础上,逐步建立质量守恒定律,真正领会质量守恒定律的涵义,体验化学的再发现过程,学习科学家发现真理的途径和方法,砺练自己的智慧。
教学过程不仅需要教师的活动,而且需要学生的活动,只有把教师教的化和学生学的化融合在一起,才能保证教学化有一个完整的过程。学生的学习方法有:
1.实验法
学生动手测定反应前后物质的质量、强化学生的实验基本操作技能,逐步学会分析现象得出结论的方法,教师应注意以下四点的指导:
①重视探索性实验的选择与设计。
②在实验之始,要向学生提示观察角度。
③要重视引导学生对实验现象完整而准确地叙述。
④要不失时机地引导学生透过实验现象分析其化学本质。
2.多种感官协同法
就是需要调动多种感官同时并用,把耳听、眼看、脑想、手写等结合起来,共同完成学习任务。本节课中学生要阅读、思考、分析、讨论和交流,因此需要多种感官同时开通。教师应做好以下指导:
①指导正确使用教科书。
②指导学生正确听课。
③指导学生开展小组合作学习。
④指导学生做笔记。
这节课,我按“设置问题、创设情境——活动探索、建立模型——解释应用、拓展提高——交流收获、体验成功”四个环节组织教学。
1.设置问题、创设情境。
上课之初、我让学生写出铁在氧气中燃烧,氯酸钾受热分解的文字表达式,然后发问:反应物的质量同生成物的质量之间究竟有什么关系?此时学生被难住了,于是教师导出本节课所要学习的主题,提出所要达到的教学目标。这样,使学生在明确探索方面中激发学习动机。
2.活动探索、建立模型。
这一环节我采用探究性实验的程序来组织教学。
(1)提出假设。当学生发现“反应物的质量同生成物的质量之间究竟有什么关系”这个问题后,我引导学生对自己发现的问题作出尽可能多的假设:
①反应后物质的总质量可能增加;
②反应后物质的总质量可能减少;
③反应后物质的总质量可能不变;
④在某些反应中可能增加,在某些反应中可能减少,而在某些反应中可能不变。
(2)设计实验。在充分假设基础上,我说:同学们,让我们测一测几个化学反应前后物质的质量,会出现什么情况?然后说出将做的几个实验:
①白磷在空气中燃烧;
②naoh溶液与cuso4
溶液反应;
③naoh溶液与fecl3溶液反应;
④na2co3溶液与cacl2溶液反应;
⑤bacl2溶液与na2so4溶液反应。
(3)实验求证。
我首先边做边讲实验⑴,然后,进一步提出:其它的反应又会出现什么情况呢?布置学生做分组实验,在实验前交待清楚怎么做实验,如何进行合作共同完成实验。
第一行中每组做实验⑵,第二行中每组做实验⑶,第三行每组做实验⑷,第四行每组做实验⑸。
(4)得出结论。实验完毕,各小组汇报结果,然后我写出以上各反应的文字表达式,介绍以上各种溶液的成分。接着提出以下具有阶梯性问题:
①所用的溶液中哪些成分参加了反应?哪些成分没有参加反应?反应后的物质中哪些是反应生成的?
②反应前物质的总质量是哪些物质质量之和?反应后物质的总质量是哪些物质质量之和?
③反应前物质的总质量等于反应后物质的总质量其实质上是什么在反应前后的总质量相等?
让学生在自己独立思考后,进行小组讨论,然后进组际间交流,共同得出以下关系(略)
在建立了质量守恒定律模型后,教师提出:为什么物质在发生化学反应前后各物质的总质量相等?要求学生用化学式表达氢气还原氧化铜:h2+cuo
→cu+h2o。提出以下具有阶梯性问题:
①反应前后,原子的种类是否改变了?
②反应前后,原子数目改变了没有?
③计算上式中各物质的相对分子质量。
④反应前各物质的质量总和是多少?反应后各物质的质量总和是多少?
⑤反应前后物质的质量总和是否相等?
⑥通过思考上述问题,你得出什么结论?
让学生独立思考后,进行小组讨论,然后进行组际间交流得出反应前后各物质的质量总和相等的原因。最后让学生阅读课文。
这样学生通过实验、思考、分析、讨论和交流的基础上,逐步建立质量守恒定律,真正领会质量守恒定律的涵义。在这个过程中,学生主动探索、体验化学的再发现过程,学习科学家发现真理的途径和方法,砺练自己的智慧。
3.解释应用,拓展提高。
建立理解质量守恒定律之后,运用它来解释、解决一些化学现象和问题,我设置了几组习题:
一、填空:
(1)电解水时生成2克h2和16克o2,则有克水参加了反应。
(2)将4.9克kclo3跟1.1克mno2混合后,加热一段时间,称得剩余固体的质量为4.8克,则生成了克氧气.
二、根据质量守恒定律解释下列问题:
(1)kclo3受热分解后,剩余固体的质量比原反应物的质量小。
(2)镁带在空气中燃烧后,生成物的质量比原来镁带的质量大。
三、想一想,生活中还有哪些类似问题可以用质量守恒定律来解释。
建立一个化学模型不是目的,重要的是能用这些“化学化”的东西解释、解决生活中的一些化学现象和问题,寻找生活中符合这样特点的例子,引导学生能自觉地把化学知识和方法运用到生活实践中,鼓励学生把生活中碰到的问题带进课堂。
4.交流收获,体验成功。
在反馈、矫正后,提出:
①通过这节课,你有什么收获?你能说出在化学反应中,哪些项目(指标)不变?哪些项目(指标)改变了?哪些项目(指标)可能变也可能不变?
②你能否归纳出质量守恒定律有哪几方面的应用?
让学生在与同伴、与教师的交流中获取对化学的最深感受,体验到成功之乐,增强学好化学的信心,同时也让学生体验到不少
质量守恒定律说课稿PPT篇二
本节课是义务教育课程标准人教版化学实验教科书九年级上册第五单元课题1《质量守恒定律》的第一课时,包括质量守恒定律的涵义、质量守恒的原因及其应用。
(一)教材的地位和作用
质量守恒定律是初中化学的一个重要化学规律,是分析物质在化学反应中的质量关系的理论依据,它的应用贯穿于整个中学化学,有着承上启下的作用。本节课的教学将引领学生对化学反应的认识开始了从“质”到“量”的过渡,也为之后化学方程式的书写和计算的教学构建了理论铺垫,所以本课内容不仅是本单元的一个重点,也是整个中学化学的教学重点之一。
(二)说教学目标
根据新课标的精神、教材的编写意图、本节的特点、九年级学生的认知水平、心理特点,确定本课时教学目标为:
知识与技能:
(1)实验认识质量守恒定律,了解化学反应中的质量关系。
(2)从微观角度认识在化学发应前后原子的种类、数目没有改变和增加。
过程与方法:
(1)通过学生观察实验,培养学生的观察分析能力。
(2)通过对化学反应实质的分析及质量守恒的原因的分析,培养学生的研究问题能力和逻辑推理能力
情感态度与价值观:
(1)通过实验的探究,激发学生的学习化学的兴趣,同时培养学生的辨证唯物主义观点。
(2)通过演示实验,培养学生的观察能力,思维能力,探究能力及良好的合作意识
(三)教学重难点
教学重点:质量守恒定律的含义及应用;
教学难点:(1)质量守恒定律的理解。
(2)从微观角度认识在一切化学反应中,反应前后原子的种类和原子的数目没有增减。
学生经过之前的学习,对自然科学的学习已积累了一定的知识基础和方法基础,了解了元素符号、化学式、化学反应的实质,初步掌握了一些简单的化学反应、化学实验基本操作技能,但对化学探究学习方法的了解尚处于启蒙阶段。学生刚开始学习化学,情绪和心理都处于比较兴奋、好奇状态。因此做好演示实验和调动好学生的积极性是上好本节课的关键。
本节课我采用的是教师引导下的学生实验探究法。即“发现问题——提出假设——设计实验——实验求证——得出结论”来引导学生,学生经历初次探究的挫折后,分析原因,优化设计,再次探究,最终发现质量守恒定律;为理解质量守恒定律,我采用多媒体辅助教学法,借助多媒体展示水通电的微观过程,让学生领悟到质量守恒定律的精髓,在于化学反应前后原子的“三不变”。
(一)创设情境,引入课题
以问题引入课题:1.为什么蜡烛燃烧后质量会变小了呢?2.为什么铁放置一段时间后质量会增加呢?将学生的思绪带进我们的课堂。让学生思考:物质发生化学变化前后的总质量有没有什么变化呢?对这个问题,学生出现了分歧,引发了思维冲突。这样,我以身边的实例创设情境,引出本节课学习内容,体现化学来源于生活。而引发学生的思维冲突更是为下一实验探究环节提前调动了学生的学习热情,从而顺利进入实验探究阶段。
(二)合作探究,解决课题
“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,接下来我将带领学生一同走进实验探究环节,老师提出问题:化学反应前后质量有没有变?并让学生做出自己的猜想。教师做演示实验,让学生带着问题观察实验现象以及天平的平衡状态,这样学生通过观察实验,归纳总结出质量守恒的内容。
为了使学生更深入的理解质量守恒定律,通过对化学变化的实质的复习和水分解的微观过程的观察得出:反应前后质量守恒是因为变化过程中原子的种类、原子的数目、原子的质量都没有改变。到此,通过教师的演示实验,以及学生观察、讲解质量守恒的原因,本节课的教学重点和难点,都得以解决,质量守恒定律也真正的建构在学生的脑中。
接下来以问题:质量守恒定律应用于所有的'化学反应吗?引入后面的两个验证实验,在做实验之前,强调学生注意观察实验现象以及天平的平衡状态,结果发现这两个实验天平都失去平衡,教师提出问题并组织学生讨论天平都失去平衡的原因,应如何改进装置?学生很快就有了结果-----反应要在密闭容器中进行。最后让学生利用本节课所学的知识,解决课前的两个问题1.为什么蜡烛燃烧后质量会变小了? 2.为什么铁放置一段时间后质量会增加呢?让学生学以致用,巩固知识。
(三)归纳概括,小结课题
这个环节,以质量守恒定理为中心,把本节课的知识点做一总结。本节课主要探究了质量守恒定律的内容,适用范围,守恒的原因以及应用。
(四)反馈练习,巩固课题
当学生记住质量守恒定律的内容,理解质量守恒的原因后,就可以利用定律去解决一些实际问题了。以此扩大知识的应用面,拓展学生的思维,使他们能够把知识转化为能力。
质量守恒定律说课稿PPT篇三
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质量守恒定律说课稿PPT篇六
(一)教材内容的地位和作用
质量守恒定律是初中化学的重要定律,教材从提出在化学反应中反应物的质量同生成物的质量之间存在什么关系入手,从观察白磷燃烧和氢氧化钠溶液与硫酸铜溶液反应前后物质的质量关系出发,通过思考去“发现”质量守恒定律,而不是去死记硬背规律。
这样学生容易接受。在此基础上,提出问题“为什么物质在发生化学反应前后各物质的质量总和相等呢?”引导学生从化学反应的实质上去认识质量守恒定律。在化学反应中,只是原子间的重新组合,使反应物变成生成物,变化前后,原子的种类和个数并没有变化,所以,反应前后各物质的质量总和必然相等。同时也为化学方程式的学习奠定了基础。
(二)教学目标分析
1.知识目标:
(1)记住质量守恒定律的内容,能理解质量守恒定律的涵义,会运用质量守恒定律解释,解决一些化学现象和问题。
(2)能从微观角度认识质量守恒定律的本质,根据质量守恒定律能解释一些简单的实验事实,能推测物质的组成。
2.能力目标:
(1)培养学生的实验操作能力、观察能力。
(2)培养学生全面分析、逻辑推理和综合归纳能力。
(3)初步培养学生应用实验方法来定量研究问题和分析问题的能力。
3.情感目标:
(1)通过对实验现象的观察、记录、分析,学会由感性到理性、由个别到一般的研究问题的科学方法体验科学发现真理的途径和方法。
(2)通过对质量守恒定律的探究,使学生形成实事求是的科学态度,培养团结协作的团队精神,体验探究过程
(三)重点难点
重点:理解质量守恒定律的涵义,会从分子、原子的角度理解质量守恒定律。
难点:从微观角度认识质量守恒定律的本质
质量守恒定律的内容抽象,枯燥。如果直接讲授,学生难以接受。因此,在教学中,我结合教材特点,设置分组实验,以竞赛的方式探究试验结果。加上初三学生大多是十四、五岁的孩子,对事物具有很强的好奇心和探究欲。学生通过仔细观察实验现象,认真分析试验结果,获得新知识,并将这种知识内化为自己的个人体验,建构自己的知识体系。
本节课主要采用探究实验分析法,“活动——建构”模式的教学结构。把教材演示实验改为学生的分组实验,让学生亲自参与,从已知到未知,从感性到理性,循序渐进,使知识得以巩固和落实。教学可进行如下设计:创设问题情境,学生自己发现问题——体验科学研究过程、设计、实施实验方案 ——反思研究过程、总结收获和不足,在教学中,利用多媒体课件的演示,培养学生空间思维和抽象思维能力。理解质量守恒的原因。大大增添了学习的乐趣。
实验器材:cuso4 溶液、 naoh溶液、fecl3溶液、nacl溶液、agno3溶液、白磷、锥形瓶、玻璃棒、单孔橡皮塞、烧杯、小试管、天平、酒精灯。
这节课,我按“设置问题、创设情境——活动探索、建立模型——解释应用、拓展提高——交流收获、体验成功”四个环节组织教学。
1.设置问题、创设情境。
上课之初、以一则诱人的邮寄广告:“水变汽油、柴油,经济收入惊人,技术转让,请有识之士加盟。” 来引发学生的思考和发言,从而留下问题和悬念,让学生写出白磷燃烧,氢氧化钠溶液和硫酸铜 溶液反应的文字表达式,然后发问:反应物的质量同生成物的质量之间究竟有什么关系?此时学生被难住了,于是教师导出本节课所要学习的主题,提出所要达到的教学目标。这样,使学生在明确探索方面中激发学习动机。
2.活动探索、建立模型。
这一环节我采用探究性实验的程序来组织教学。
(1)提出假设。
当学生发现“反应物的质量同生成物的质量之间究竟有什么关系”这个问题后,我引导学生对自己发现的问题作出尽可能多的假设:
①反应后物质的总质量可能增加;
②反应后物质的总质量可能减少;
③反应后物质的总质量可能不变;
④在某些反应中可能增加,在某些反应中可能减少,而在某些反应中可能不变。
(2)实验探究。
引入:化学反应前后质量是否发生变化,有同学说改变,有同学说不变,意思不统一,那么我们就通过实验来探讨。
设计实验:在充分假设基础上,我说:同学们,让我们测一测几个化学反应前后物质的质量,会出现什么情况?然后说出将做的几个实验:
①白磷在空气中燃烧;
②naoh溶液与cuso4 溶液反应;
③naoh溶液与fecl3溶液反应;
④nacl溶液和agno3溶液的反应。
教师引导学生评价哪些方案是科学合理的,哪些需要改进,鼓励学生开动脑筋,积极主动地参与实验设计过程。