幼儿园科学说课稿小班(14篇)
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?这里我整理了一些优秀的范文,希望对大家有所帮助,下面我们就来了解一下吧。
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇一
新《纲要》明确指出“科学教育应密切联系幼儿的实际生活进行,利用身边的事物与现象作为科学探索的对象。” 空气是与我们的生命息息相关的,世间万物的勃勃生机都是因为有空气的存在.为孩子提供丰富的材料,让孩子通过眼、脑、手等多种感官去发现问题。使幼儿变被动者为主动学习者、探索者,从而萌发爱科学的情感。
二、说活动目标
活动目标是教育活动的起点和归宿,对活动起着导向的作用。在本次活动中,我根据幼儿的年龄特点和实际情况,设计了两个目标,1、感知空气的存在,掌握空气的特征及作用。2、幼儿对探索自然现象产生兴趣。
三、说活动准备
《纲要》指出,幼儿教师应为幼儿提供丰富的材料,为每个幼儿都能够运用多种感官进行探索活动,为了使活动顺利展开,达到预先设计的教学目标,在此次活动中,我做了如下准备:气球、透明玻璃杯、粉笔、透明盛水容器、蜡烛、打火机、碎纸屑、纸片。
四、说活动重难点
利用有趣的科学操作活动,使幼儿对科学探究活动产生兴趣。好奇心和探究欲望是科学启蒙的关键,它将使幼儿永远保持探究学习的热情。因此,我把培养幼儿的探究兴趣作为重点。
引导幼儿通过老师的示范操作实验,从中找到空气,幼儿受其原有知识经验和思维水平的影响,对事物及其关系的认识和理解,具有很大的表面性和片面性,因此我将这方面作为此次活动的难点。
五、说教法、学法
《纲要》指出,教师应成为学习活动的支持者,引导者,合作者。活动中,教师要心中有目标,眼里有幼儿,时时有教育,以互动的、开放的理念,让幼儿
真正成为学习活动的主体。因此,在本活动中我主要采用了启发提问法、观察发现法、引导发现法、实验操作法等几种教法,使幼儿感受空气的存在。我采用了幼儿在与老师互动中通过猜谜,观察、自主探索、实验操作等学法使幼儿获得认知能力。
六、说活动过程
在活动的开展过程中,我一直本着以幼儿为主题的原则,以激发幼儿的探索兴趣入手,围绕目标,将多种教学形式相结合,使幼儿始终处于积极的自主探索状态,我的活动流程为:猜谜导入——启发提问——实验操作
1、 活动导入部分:
我以猜谜的形式导入活动,激发幼儿的兴趣,使得此次活动能够更好的开展。 谜语:看不见、摸不着,不香不臭没味道,动物植物都需要,一时一刻离不了。(空气)
2、 活动开展部分:
在这个部分,我首先采用了启发提问的方法,问小朋友们什么地方有空气。然后出示气球,让幼儿猜想是谁住在气球里。然后幼儿自己通过实验操作、观察,自主探索的方法寻找身体里的空气,如对这手吹气,捏住鼻子闭上嘴巴,说说这些做了这些动作的感受,幼儿还可以把粉笔头放在盛水的容器中,观察有什么现象发生,并将自己看到的现象说出来。
其次,我采用了实验操作的教学法,为小朋友们变了一个魔术,倒不出来的水。在这个实验中,我还用到了比较的方法,让幼儿能够更加明白其中的道理。我先在一个透明的空杯子里装水,水未满,然后盖上纸片,将水杯倒立起来,让幼儿观察,然后在杯子中装满水,盖上纸片,将玻璃杯倒立,让幼儿观察水有没有倒出来。通过提问:是谁在帮忙。为什么杯子里没有空气,水才不会倒出来?究竟是谁在帮忙?谁那么有力量?引导幼儿交流:杯子里没有空气,外面的空气就会不让水从杯子里流出来。
最后,我将蜡烛点燃后用玻璃杯罩住,让幼儿观察会有什么现象发生。幼儿
之间交流讨论,然后在自己动手操作,把碎纸屑放在桌子上,幼儿分组:用手在周围煽动,观察纸屑的变化。让幼儿知道空气是无处不在的,感受我们的周围充满了空气,只是我们看不见它。
3、 结束部分:幼儿交流讨论实验的结果,说说空气的特征及其作用。
七、说活动延伸
针对本次活动的延伸,我让幼儿探索风和水有些什么奥秘,让幼儿对探索自然现象产生更大的兴趣。
找空气
中班科学活动教案
设计意图:
《纲要》明确指出“科学教育应密切联系幼儿的实际生活进行,利用身边的事物与现象作为科学探索的对象。” 空气是与我们的生命息息相关的,世间万物的勃勃生机都是因为有空气的的存在,,为孩子提供丰富的材料,让孩子通过眼、脑、手等多种感官去发现问题。使幼儿变被动者为主动学习者、探索者,从而萌发爱科学的情感。
活动目标:
1、感知空气的存在,掌握空气的特征及作用。
2、幼儿对你探索自然现象产生兴趣。
活动准备:
气球、透明玻璃杯、粉笔、透明盛水容器、蜡烛、打火机、碎纸屑、纸片。 活动重难点:
重点:利用有趣的科学操作活动,使幼儿对科学探究活动产生兴趣。 难点:引导幼儿通过老师的示范操作实验,从中找到空气。
活动过程:
(一)教师导入活动,引起幼儿兴趣。
猜谜语,引出课题:小朋友们,今天老师带来一位好朋友,我们一起来猜猜它是谁?
谜语:
看不见、摸不着,不香不臭没味道,动物植物都需要,一时一刻离不了。(空气)
(二)提出问题,幼儿猜想。
1、寻找空气:
小朋友们,我们现在一起来找一找,什么地方有空气?出示气球,让幼儿说出谁住在气球里?(空气)
2、幼儿讨论后回答,教师点评。
(三)实验操作,探索活动。
1、身体里的空气
请幼儿伸出一只手,嘴对着手用力吹气,感知身体里空气的存在。或用手捏住鼻子闭上嘴巴,并说出自己的感受
2、粉笔里的空气。
以小组的形式,幼儿分别把粉笔头放入盛水容器中,观察有什么现象发生。并将自己看到的现象说出来。
(四)做实验,感知空气的存在及其特性
小朋友,今天老师要和你们玩个变魔术的游戏《倒不出来的水》
1、出示玻璃杯和纸片。给玻璃杯倒满水,盖上卡纸,然后把杯子倒过来。你能使杯子里的水不倒出来吗?成功的和失败的一名代表来演示。通过对比,幼儿知道只有使杯内无气泡(杯内无空气),才能将杯子倒过来。幼儿再次进行试验,直到获得成功。
2.是谁在帮忙。为什么杯子里没有空气,水才不会倒出来?究竟是谁在帮
忙?谁那么有力量?引导幼儿交流:杯子里没有空气,外面的空气就会不让水从杯子里流出来。
3、将蜡烛点燃请一幼儿用玻璃杯罩住,观察有什么现象发生?幼儿作答,把碎纸屑放在桌子上,幼儿分组:用手在周围煽动,观察纸屑的变化。让幼儿知道空气无处不在,感受我们的周围充满了空气,只是我们看不见它。 活动延伸:
让幼儿自己探索风和水等自然现象有什么奥秘,引发幼儿对自然现象的兴趣。
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇二
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼
�����â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ó¡£¡ï¿½ �����������çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¢ï¿½ï¿½øµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½öµè¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½î¶¯ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬1����öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½2���׶���ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½î¶¯×¼ï¿½ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½îªã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½î¶¯ë³ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ú´ë´î»î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û±ê¡ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ö½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½
����������è¤ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½øµã¡£
���������׶�í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºü´ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½â·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë´î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
�����塢ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ê±ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½
����������îªñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì·¢ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ö½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú»î¶¯ï¿½ä¿ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô���ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ê¼ï¿½õ´ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1�� ����벿�ö£ï¿½
�������ô²ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã´ë´î»î¶¯ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä¿ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ ����������������å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²»ï¿½ï¿½ã»î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¶¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ò»ê±ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�� ���õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½
������������ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëס�������è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô°ñ·û±ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������î£ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ë±è½ïµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ë®ï¿½ï¿½ë®î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½û²ì£¬è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë�ú°ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½áµ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë�ú°ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½ë��ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»á²»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½
����ö®ï¿½ä½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�� �������ö£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
�����ߡ�ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ô±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ð©ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
�����ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ð°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ì°ï¿½
���������í¼ï¿½ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ó¡£¡ï¿½ �����������çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¢ï¿½ï¿½øµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½öµè¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
�����ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1����öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����2���׶�����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
�����׼����
��������í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û±ê¡ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ö½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ ����ñµã£º
�����øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ �ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ì£ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����������������⣺ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë��
�������
�����������������å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²»ï¿½ï¿½ã»î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¶¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ò»ê±ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������������⣬�׶����롣
����1��ñ°ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ò£ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ëס���������������
����2���׶����ûºï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����1��������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������׶����ò»ö»ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2���û±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ñ·û±ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½
����1����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ñ±ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿³é¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ê§ï¿½üµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±è£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ù´î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ë�ú°ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½áµ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë�ú°ï¿½
����ã¦ï¿½ï¿½ë��ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»á²»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���������è¼ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¬°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����죺
�������׶��ô¼ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇三
刚升中班幼儿可能会对调色活动本身感兴趣,他们的兴趣只是停留在操作上。所以本活动的主要是为幼儿提供观察、探索的机会,让幼儿在主动活动中使用颜色,同时充分感受颜色的丰富性。使幼儿的兴趣转移到对活动中出现的科学现象的兴趣上,从而引发进一步探索的愿望。因此我选择了科学活动:《会变的颜色》这节课。
1、通过引导幼儿自己动手做实验,发现颜色的奇妙变化,激发幼儿对调色的兴趣。
2、 在示范的基础上, 教幼儿学念儿歌,理解儿歌内容,并引导幼儿进行一定的创编。
三个装了不同颜料的瓶子、碗、画笔、纸。
在这一活动中,我为了让幼儿更形象、更直观的了解颜色的变化,我将在活动中采用讲解法、示范法、操作法的形式进行,使整个过程环环紧扣,使幼儿在轻松愉快的环境中学习。
活动流程为:
1、采用教具与故事相结合导入主题。
2、老师示范表演魔术。
3、幼儿操作活动。
4、幼儿作画。
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇四
����
���������ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ôµï¿½é«ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ö»ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½û²ì¡¢ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ä·á¸»ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤×ªï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½öµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿î¡ï¿½
����
����1��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����2�� ��ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ ���׶�ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½à¡£
��������װ�ë²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½æ¿ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½
����
��������ò»ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡¢¸ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½â·¨ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
���������îªï¿½ï¿½
����1�����ã½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����2����ê¦ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���׶��������
����4���׶�������
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇五
2--3岁的幼儿由于大脑神经发育得还不完全,手脚协调能力较差,所以我们应该注重对幼儿这方面能力的培养。经观察,我发现我班幼儿对爬比较感兴趣 ,在平时的活动中,他们也很喜欢爬.根据幼儿的这些年龄特点,结合本阶段的"可爱的小动物"主题活动,运用蚂蚁爬着行走的特点,让幼儿学习蚂蚁爬的动作,我选用了"蚂蚁运粮"的游戏活动.通过蚂蚁学"找食"的本领,练习幼儿的手膝着地爬和跨的动作."蚂蚁"这一形象,幼儿比较熟悉,也非常的喜欢,在活动设计中,我以"蚂蚁"爸爸的身份参与活动,并创设一种蚂蚁爸爸和宝宝一起找食物的情景,这非常符合托班幼儿对母亲的依恋情感,师生间能更好的进行情感交流和沟通,也更有利于活动的顺利开展.在这个活动中锻炼幼儿的四肢协调动作,激发幼儿积极尝试活动的兴趣,体验体育游戏的快乐。
1.发展幼儿双手双膝着地爬,跨的能力.
2.激发幼儿积极尝试活动的兴趣.
练习幼儿双手双膝着地爬的能力.
教学难点:能跨过10厘米的障碍物.
根据幼儿的学习情况,本次活动我运用了直观法、提问法、游戏法等教学方法。
为什么要采用以上方法呢?
采用直观法是因为托班幼儿的思维具有明显的具体形象性特点,属于典型的具体形象性思维。以看老师示范的形式直接刺激幼儿的视听器官,能使教学进行得生动活泼,激发幼儿学习的兴趣。而采用提问法是因为提问能引导幼儿有目的地、仔细地观察,启发幼 儿积极思维。采用游戏法是因为游戏是幼儿最喜爱的活动,游戏能增强幼儿参与活动的兴趣。幼儿在轻松、愉快的游戏中很容易就能掌握所学技能。
2.整个活动我以幼儿为主体,幼儿在看看、听听、玩玩的轻松气氛中掌握活动的重、难点。幼儿通过视、听觉感官积极参与活动,通过观看教师示范直接获得印象。让幼儿在游戏中,练习双手,双膝着地爬和跨的技能,体现了活动的趣味性.
(一)准备部分:
1.教学准备:蚂蚁头饰若干.糖果若干.轮胎若干.磁带.
2.做操
小蚂蚁们你们好,今天的天气真好,和爸爸一起来做做操,出来锻炼一下身体好吗?我们出来的时候要先跨过家门槛,跨的时候要把脚抬高点,小心别摔交.
3.引出主题
我的宝宝们真能干,做的可真好,现在我们的肚子都饿了,妈妈带你们去找东西吃好吗?
(二)基本部分
1.讲解示范
我们到那边的地上去找好吗?爸爸要爬着到那边去,先看爸爸是怎么做的,把2个膝盖着地,然后2个手也按在地上,爬啊爬的去找东西吃,找到好吃的东西后再爬回来,爬到家门口,然后再跨过门槛,带着糖在家里休息会.看懂妈妈是怎么找东西了吗?
2.幼儿操作
1.讲解示范
a请个别幼儿游戏
下面妈妈请一个能干的宝宝来找找看,爸爸看他学会了没有.教师在旁指导
b请全体幼儿游戏
下面妈妈请宝宝们跟着爸爸一起去找东西,宝宝们要跟着爸爸爬,不能爬远了,懂了吗?
(三).结束部分 宝宝们找东西找的全身都是泥.现在我们来洗洗澡吧.爸爸请宝宝们带着糖到那边去晒晒太阳,休息下好吗?
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇六
����
����2--3����׶����ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ð�������ï²î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½â·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì£¬ï¿½ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ ����æ½ê±ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.�����׶�����ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½×¶îµï¿½"�é°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"���������������������ߵ��øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"��������"����ï·ï¿½î¶¯.í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§"��ê³"�ä±ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¥ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½."����"��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"����"�ö°öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ö°öºí±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹.�������ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö«ð�������������׶��������ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����
����1.��õ¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ë«ï¿½ï¿½ë«ï¥ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.
����2.�����׶��������ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤.
����
������ï°ï¿½×¶ï¿½ë«ï¿½ï¿½ë«ï¥ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.
������ñ§ï¿½ñµï¿½:�ü¿ï¿½ï¿½10���׵��ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.
����
���������׶���ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����îªê²ã´òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������ö±ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½íµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ö±ï¿½ó´ì¼ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½äµø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ø¹û²ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½
����2.����������׶�îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£ï¿½×¶ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ù»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó»ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ë«ï¿½ö£ï¿½ë«ï¥ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ï¿½.
����
����(ò»)׼������:
����1.��ñ§×¼ï¿½ï¿½:����í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.�ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.��ì¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.�å´ï¿½.
����2.����
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½í°ö°ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?���ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½è¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ñ½ï¿½ì§ï¿½ßµã£¬ð¡ï¿½ä±ï¿½ë¤ï¿½ï¿½.
����3.��������
�����òµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
����(��)��������
����1.����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
�������çµï¿½ï¿½ç±ßµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�ö°ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¿ï¿½ï¿½ö°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2��ï¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµø£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½2����ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ã³ôµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ú£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½.������������ã´ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
����2.�׶�����
����1.����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
����a������׶���ï·
��������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸éµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö°ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½.��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½
����b��è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·
�������������뱦���ç¸ï¿½ï¿½å°ö°ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å°ö°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
����(��).�������� �������ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.����������ï´ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.�ö°ï¿½ï¿½ë±¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½è¥é¹é¹ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½âºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇七
一 说教材
《电动玩具》是属于中班的科学活动,选自《多元整合幼儿园活动课程》,科学活动的主要目的是让幼儿能运用各种感观,动手动脑探究问题以及培养幼儿对周围事物现象感兴趣,有好奇心和求知欲。本次活动要求幼儿了解电池的作用以及培养其探索的兴趣,教材在编写上注意幼儿的实践操作能力,一般来说,一个四岁的孩子对理论知识较难明白,但如果经过自己动手操作得出的结论往往比老师的讲述要深刻得多,因此我把本次活动的目标定为:
1、 通过让幼儿动手操作去了解电池的作用并学会正确使用电池。
2、 在操作交流的过程中,让幼儿学会主动利用语言向人表达。
3、 培养幼儿积极探索事物的奥妙及时发现问题并寻求答案。
前面两顶是本次活动的重点,后面一项是本活动的难点。
二 说教法学法
这一活动的对象是中班的幼儿,他们的年龄小,好玩,注意力容易分散,根据这一特点,为了更好地激发他们的好奇心,我以情景式教学方法为主,努力给幼儿创造一个可以供探究的环境,如我要把场地布置成一个电动工厂,可以让幼儿在这一环境中自由去安装玩具,同时我还采用了参与法,讨论法,让幼儿与幼儿,幼儿与老师之间都可以畅所欲言,各自发表自己的意见。
为了更好地达到以幼儿为主体这一目标,我在这一活动中还通过让幼儿看一看,说一说,拆一拆等多种形式,让幼儿自己在实际操作中去发现问题并找到解决的办法。
三 活动设计
本次活动我分为四个部分:
第一部分:创设情境,诱发兴趣
在这一环节里我采用了谈话进入:以嘟嘟玩具城的总经理给老师打来电话,说他们的玩具城明天就要开张,可是玩具城里的玩具有的却还没安装好,所以他们想要请我们班的小朋友去帮忙,问小朋友是否愿意去帮忙,以这种形式进入可以让幼儿感觉亲切,也可以激发他们的兴趣。
第二部分:自主参与,探索新知
这部分是本次活动的重点和难点的所在,也是突破重点和难点的关键部分。下面我们就来谈一谈这部分的设计,这里我也分了两小点:
1、 引导探索
在这一部分,我请配班老师扮演经理,由经理请我班的幼儿进玩具生产工厂参观,但在参观前经理要先向幼儿提出要求:在参观的过程中,小朋友们可以自由摸一摸,拆一拆,做一做这些玩具,但要找出这些玩具都有一个什么共同的特点,并在参观完后,把自己的发现告诉好朋友和老师。这样的的组织可以让幼儿带着目的去参观,注重培养他们的观察能力。
2、 再次探索
在幼儿初步了解电池作用的基础上,让幼儿学会正确使用电池,这里就请幼儿开始去帮助安装还没完成的电动玩具,可以激发幼儿积极参与的兴趣,通过再一次的操作去发现问题:为什么有的孩子电池安装进去了玩具仍无法动起来?这时老师可以在旁边给他们提出建议,让他们去看看玩具会动的小朋友,他们的电池是怎样安装的?由他们观察出来的结果引入到观察电池的外部特征,如请玩具不动的幼儿想一想:你用的电池是怎样安装的?你安装电池跟别人有什么不一样?再请玩具会动的幼儿示范安装电池。
通过这些提问,让幼儿注意观察、别人,发现自己与别人的不同之处,培养他们的观察让他们讲述自己的意见,这样就可体现幼儿在活动中的主体性。
(三)应用新知,解决问题
在这一环节里,我把幼儿分成两组,一组幼儿负责安装电池,另一组幼儿负责检查,这一过程可以让幼儿与幼儿之间有一个沟通讨论的机会。
(四)扩散经验
在幼儿了解电池的作用以及利用学到的知识帮助总经理解决了问题的基础上过渡到让幼儿想一想电池还能使什么东西动起来?这一环节我打算:因为孩子帮经理解决了问题,所以经理要送他们每人一对电池,让他们尝试拿着电池去让我们身边的某些物体动起来。这样我可以让孩子学习环境从课堂转移到我们的实际生活中来,以达到让幼儿主动去观察周围事物的目标。
今天我说课的题目是大班科学活动《空气的力量》,它是空气科学系列活动中的一个子活动。
一、说教材
1、教材分析:地球上的人类和一切生物,都离不开空气,它不仅孕育了生命,而且与人类的生活有着极其密切的联系。从空气是什么样的空气在哪里到空气与风空气的压力,我们生活中有关空气的科学现象太丰富了。对大班幼儿而言,在中小班的生活和学习中,已积累了一些有关空气的知识和体验,且具备了一定的动手能力,在深入分析教材和教育对象后,我选择了将空气流动产生风作为本次活动的感知探究点,引导孩子通过探究体验如何产生风,引发幼儿对空气与人们生活的密切关系、空气的利用等问题的关注和探究萌芽。正如《纲要》中所说:既符合幼儿的现实需要,又有利于其长远发展;既贴近幼儿的生活,选择感兴趣的事物或问题,又有利于拓展幼儿的经验和视野。
2、目标定位:针对我们班幼儿的已有经验和发展水平,挖掘教材的教育价值,我设定了以下几个活动目标:
①感知空气的存在,发现空气流动产生风的现象;
②运用所获得的体验探索怎样让水上的风车转动起来;
③能大胆表述自己探究的过程和结果,体验与同伴分享的快乐。
3、活动的重难点:
空气虽无所不在,但它看不见、摸不着,因此我将本活动的重点定位在感知与发现空气流动产生风,难点为迁移经验解决让水上风车转动起来的问题。
4、活动准备:
活动准备为活动的成功开展提供了可能,在科学活动中材料的结构及投放很重要,它直接关系到能否构成问题情境的探究点,有时甚至影响到活动的成败。我为活动做了以下的准备:
一是经验准备:玩过魔术不湿的报纸,开展过与空气有关的活动。
二是物质准备:
①大小、高矮不同的杯子(有洞与没洞的)
②风车(数量为幼儿人数的3倍)
③报纸若干
④擦手布人手一块
⑤塑料盆4个(四个水盆中水量的放置可分两种,一种为高水位,水面与杯子的高度一样,可以发现水泡的现象;另一种是低水位,水面低于杯子,易感知气流的现象。)
三是空间准备:幼儿半圆型集中;分组操作采用五张桌子,分5组进行操作。
二、说教法
新《纲要》指出:教师应成为学习活动的支持者、合作者、引导者。活动中,教师要心中有目标,眼中有幼儿,时时有教育,以互动的、开放的、研究的理念,让幼儿真正成为学习的主体。
因此,本次活动中我主要采用了以下四种教法有:操作法、设疑法、经验迁移法、猜想验证法。
1、首先是操作法,所谓操作法是指幼儿动手操作,在与材料的相互作用过程中进行探索学习,是幼儿建构经验的基本方法。本次活动共安排了四次操作活动,从而保证了幼儿有充分动手操作的时间,让孩子们动起来。
2、其次是设疑法,提出一个问题往往比解决一个问题更为重要。通过提问,会提示幼儿探究的线索,引发幼儿的思考,使幼儿对所感知的经验进行整理。本活动大量运用了设疑法,为什么上次变魔术时纸不会湿,而今天的纸都湿了呢?为什么有孔杯子里的纸会湿,没孔杯子里的纸不会湿?用什么办法能让风车转起来?一个个富有启发性的问题支持着幼儿的探究逐步深入。
3、再次在活动中,我还运用了经验迁移法,经验迁移能够帮助幼儿在新经验与旧经验间架起桥梁,使新经验的掌握更容易。我在第一环节、第三环节分别运用了经验迁移的方法。
4、此外我还将采用猜想验证法,这是法国做中学教育模式所倡导的一种教学方法,先让幼儿根据自己的经验设想解决问题可能的方案,然后实施方案,验证其可行性。在猜想验证的过程中,不仅训练了幼儿独立思考和解决问题的能力,更重要的是教给幼儿一种做事的方法和研究的态度,体现了新《纲要》中终身教育的理念。本活动在解决怎样让风车转起来这一问题中运用了该方法。
三、说学法
我们总是说教学方法,可见学法与教法是密不可分的。在活动过程中,教师要尽量营造宽松的氛围,激发幼儿内在的学习动机,调动幼儿的多种感官和已有经验参与探究,让幼儿通过看一看、想一想、说一说、玩一玩、试一试等方法,在与材料、同伴、老师的互动中,感受空气流动产生风的现象,体验发现的乐趣,发展观察能力、动手能力和善于学习同伴经验的能力。
四、说活动程序
本次活动设计力求幼儿最大程度的参与与投入,采用自主探究的学习方法,提供自主学习的空间,运用多种感官的参与,使学习过程成为儿童发现和探究的过程,真正使学习变得快乐起来。因此,我设计了环环相扣、层层递进的四个环节。
1、第一环节:魔术导入,激发兴趣以变魔术的形式引入活动,我将采用问题前几天我们一起玩了魔术不湿的报纸,谁记得是怎么做的?,引发幼儿回忆变魔术的操作要求。此环节重在激活幼儿有关的经验和技能储备,为下面的活动做铺垫。本环节预计时间为3分钟。考试大整理
2、第二环节:动手探索,感知现象我出示纸杯(杯底有洞),提出要求请你们按上次的方法再变一次魔术,看看把纸放在杯子里是不是一定不会湿,从而调动起幼儿的好奇心。
幼儿在操作中将发现纸湿了,引发与原有经验的冲突,产生疑问:为什么上次变魔术时纸不会湿,而今天纸都湿了呢?这时我会适时地引导幼儿将纸杯与上次魔术用的杯子进行比较,发现两者的不同有孔和没孔。接着,我将进一步提问:为什么有孔杯子里的纸会湿,没孔杯子里的纸不会湿?启发幼儿将两个杯子倒扣水中,在视觉、触觉等多种感官的参与下,发现有孔的杯子快速放入水中时,会有气流从孔里出来,还会冒出气泡。在这一过程中,教师要及时为幼儿创设交流的机会,请幼儿表述自己探索的过程与结果,分享彼此的发现,同时,还要帮助幼儿提升和梳理感知到的经验,通过是什么从孔里跑出来了?这些气泡是怎么来的?等问题,让幼儿明确从孔里出来的是空气,空气流动会产生风,从而顺利进入下一环节。这是本活动的重点,因此本环节我预计的时间是10分钟。
3、第三环节:迁移经验,解决问题科学知识来源于生活,更应服务于生活,作为教师应有意识地培养儿童将科学带到生活中和用科学的意识。
因此,我设置了怎样让小风车转起来这一问题情境,让幼儿运用感知体验的科学现象来解决具体问题。教师出示泡沫小风车,鼓励幼儿猜想:用什么办法能让风车转起来?孩子们根据各自的生活经验,想出的方法可能有用嘴吹、向前跑动、用水流等,个别幼儿会运用空气流动形成风的原理让风车转起来,对于幼儿的猜想,我不作肯定或否定的评价,而让幼儿自由选择材料,动手尝试用自己的方法让风车转起来。由于上述活动将使孩子们的操作探索欲望得以调动,玩一玩、试一试,验证自己的猜想也就会水到渠成。操作之后我将请幼儿回到自己的位置上,说说是用什么办法让风车转起来的,分享同伴的成功。教师指导的重点是引发幼儿关注用空气流动产生风的方法让风车转起来,鼓励幼儿选择大小、高矮不同的有洞纸杯,在水中以振动的方式,使空气从小孔中挤压出来产生风,带动纸杯顶上的风车转动,从而进一步巩固获得的知识经验。本环节是难点,注重师幼互动,预计时间为12分钟。
4、第四环节:引发新的探究点,延伸探究活动的最后,让幼儿自由地围在我的身边,抛出问题:刚才你们都用不同大小的杯子试过了吗?有什么感觉?那杯子的大小和风车转得快慢有没有关系呢?我们下次再试试吧。我预计这个环节时间为5分钟。
五、精彩片段
一、说教材
此活动选材来源于生活。蔬菜是幼儿在生活中经常接触的一种食物,随处可见,我们取材也非常的方便。蔬菜的种类繁多,几乎每个孩子都能说出几种来。蔬菜的营养价值也非常的丰富,吃法繁多,可以清炒、可以煮汤、可以凉拌、还可以腌着吃,总之,我们的生活里离不开蔬菜。然而,幼儿虽然知道很多的蔬菜,但对蔬菜的食用部分及其营养对人身体的好处不是很了解。因此通过观察、讨论、猜谜、制作等一系列活动,让幼儿了解蔬菜特性的同时, 加深幼儿对蔬菜的认识,激发幼儿对蔬菜的兴趣,引导幼儿多吃蔬菜是很有必要的。又如《纲要》中所说"既符合幼儿的现实需要又有利于幼儿的长远发展;贴近幼儿的生活,选择感兴趣的事物或问题,有助于拓展幼儿的经验和视野。"因此本次活动来源于幼儿生活又能服务于幼儿的生活。
二、说活动目标
活动目标是教学活动的起点和归宿,对活动起着导向作用。根据中班幼儿年龄特点及实际情况,确立了认知、能力、情感方面的'目标:
(1)通过认识蔬菜的外形特征,了解蔬菜的不同食用部分。
(2)按不同的食用部分给蔬菜分类(根类、茎叶类、果实类),发展幼儿的分类能力。
(3)知道蔬菜好吃有营养,养成多吃蔬菜不挑食的好习惯。
活动重点:能按不同的食用部分给蔬菜分类。
活动难点:提高幼儿的分类能力,明确蔬菜好吃有营养,教育幼儿不要挑食。
在活动中我主要是通过观看多媒体演示,在看一看、说一说、猜一猜、分一分等幼儿自主参与的过程中突破重难点。为此,我作了如下活动准备:
三、说活动准备
《纲要》指出"提供丰富的可操作的材料,为每个幼儿都能运用多种感官、多种方式进行探索提供活动的条件。"依据《纲要》我做如下三方面的准备。
(1)学具准备:胡萝卜、番茄、白菜、土豆等实物若干、蔬菜图片数量与幼儿相等。
(2)经验准备:幼儿对蔬菜有一定的经验。
(3)教具准备:多媒体课件。
四、说教法、学法
《纲要》中指出"教师应成为幼儿学习活动的支持者、合作者、引导者",因此在本次活动中体现了教师与孩子的交互主体性,采用的教法有:
1、情景创设法:利用"大头儿子"这个幼儿喜欢的动画形象,()将幼儿引入到活动中,非常适合中班幼儿的年龄特点,极大地调动起幼儿探索的欲望。
2、课件演示法:通过多媒体课件播放,让幼儿对蔬菜的生长过程和组成部分有了一定的了解,在这一过程中,现代教学辅助手段的运用发挥了传统教育手段不可替代的功能,使理解和认识更透彻。
3、观察指导法:此教学方法是针对幼儿在活动过程中出现的情况,教师可以采取随机指导的方法,它体现了教师对活动的调控能力。
4、游戏法:游戏是幼儿的基本活动,它具有教育性、娱乐性、创造性。本次活动的第四环节中,我就引导幼儿根据自己手中的蔬菜图片找朋友,同时加入《找朋友》的音乐,让幼儿边唱边找,共同体验分类的快乐。
整个活动我遵循幼儿的学习规律和年龄特点,以幼儿为主体,本次活动幼儿采用的学法有:
1、多通道参与法:新《纲要》科学领域中的目标明确指出,(幼儿)"能用多种感官动手动脑,探究问题;用适当的方式表达,交流探索的过程和结果".因此,活动中我引导幼儿看一看、说一说、猜一猜、分一分、做一做等多种感官的参与,不知不觉就对蔬菜发生了兴趣。
2、尝试法:在第二个环节操作活动中我就鼓励幼儿对蔬菜进行分类,引导幼儿按蔬菜的是食用部分进行分类。
3、体验法:心理学指出,"凡是人们积极参加体验过的活动,人的记忆效果就会明显提高".为了让幼儿对蔬菜的食用部分有更深的印象,我就采用了游戏体验法,利用了轻松、活泼的音乐《找朋友》,这给游戏活动注入了新的活力,在唱唱找找中引导幼儿体验蔬菜分类的快乐。
五、说活动过程
在活动中以激发幼儿的兴趣入手,围绕目标将多种教学形式相结合,使幼儿能始终处于积极探索的状态,为了完成本节的教学目标,活动流程为:激发兴趣--猜谜游戏--操作分类--游戏体验--品尝交流--制作延伸
(一)设置情景,激发幼儿探究兴趣。(情境创设)(课件演示法)
"兴趣是最好的教师".活动一开始教师就利用幼儿最喜欢的大头儿子和蔬菜宝宝来做客,引起幼儿兴趣。
1、大头儿子带着一群蔬菜宝宝来做客了。(ppt)
2、幼儿观看各种蔬菜图片。(ppt)提问:你们认识这些蔬菜宝宝吗?你喜欢吃哪一种蔬菜?你知道你是吃它的哪一部分?
3、我们先来看看蔬菜都是有哪部分组成的 ?出示一副完整的植物生长图,知道植物的身体是由(根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子)六部分组成。(ppt)
以上我为幼儿创设了情境,引发幼儿观察蔬菜特征的兴趣,同时也为幼儿提供了语言表达的机会。
(二)猜谜游戏:逐一出示各种蔬菜宝宝,通过猜谜游戏了解蔬菜能吃的部分不一样。(ppt)
1、红漆桶,地下埋,绿的叶子顶上栽,切开红漆桶,清凉可口好小菜。(胡萝卜)说一说胡萝卜的样子?(形状、颜色、可以生吃也可以做菜)老师告诉小朋友胡萝卜还有"土人参"之说。因为胡萝卜中含有淀粉酶,能助消化,有利于人的身体健康,吃胡萝卜可以补充维生素。
提问:我们吃的是它的哪一部分?(根)还有什么蔬菜我们可以吃它的根?
2、猜谜语:又红又圆象苹果,酸酸甜甜营养多,既能做菜吃,又能当水果。(西红柿)谁能说一说西红柿是什么样子的?(颜色、形状、皮是怎样的、还有小坑、味道、可以做菜也可以生吃)那我们应该吃西红柿的哪一部分?(果实)还有什么蔬菜是吃它的果实部分?(茄子、辣椒、南瓜、冬瓜)
3、看图中是什么蔬菜?(白菜)老师可以说说白菜的样子。我们该吃它的哪一部分?(叶)还有什么蔬菜我们吃它的叶。(菠菜、青菜、卷心菜)
4、提问:这是什么?(土豆也叫洋芋或马铃薯)。土豆发了芽时有毒,不能吃,如果芽很小,可以把芽和周围的肉削干净,才可以吃。我们吃它的茎。
5、考考小朋友:小朋友们,平时吃我的哪一部分(屏幕)
(三)了解蔬菜的营养价值,教育幼儿不要挑食
蔬菜营养丰富,含有多种维生素,多吃蔬菜有助于身体健康,能使我们长得更高更快更聪明,因此,平时不能挑食。
(四)游戏体验:分类游戏"找朋友"(ppt图片,背景音乐)
每个幼儿手拿一张蔬菜图片,让幼儿根据蔬菜的特征找朋友。看看自己身上的蔬菜娃娃是吃什么部分的,然后听音乐唱着歌去找朋友。
利用轻快的音乐,让孩子们在找朋友的过程中能正确地对蔬菜进行归类,更加深了对蔬菜的认识。
(五)品尝交流:蔬菜沙拉
教师出示用番茄、黄瓜、胡萝卜做的蔬菜沙拉,请幼儿品尝,交流"蔬菜沙拉"的制作方法。让幼儿吃吃讲讲,在兴奋的状态之中,逐步意识到多吃蔬菜营养好的道理,从而自觉地做到不挑食,让身体吸收更多营养,使身体长得更捧。
(六)延伸活动:
请幼儿回家和爸爸、妈妈一起做做蔬菜沙拉,巩固对蔬菜的认识。
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇八
����ò» ëµï¿½ì²ï¿½
�������綯��ߡ��������ð°ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½î³ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ìµã¶à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½
����1�� í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ê¹ï¿½ãµï¿½ø¡ï¿½
����2�� �ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£
����3�� �����׶�����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½î¼°ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ð°¸¡ï¿½
����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
������ ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½øµã£¬îªï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ñ³ï¿½ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²ï¿½ï¿½ë·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ö®ï¿½ä¶¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����îªï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµø´ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð»ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½
������ ����
�������î»î¶¯ï¿½ò·ï¿½îªï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³çµï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»°ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª
�����ⲿ���ç±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ä¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ò»ì¸ï¿½â²¿ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ã£º
����1�� ����ì½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¹û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²î¹ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²î¹ûµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²î¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬°ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½î¹û£ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�� �ù´ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½
�������׶������ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ê¹ï¿½ãµï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½éµäµç¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½îµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºîªê²ã´ï¿½ðµäºï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ø°ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ß¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß»á¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½â²¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ã°²×°ï¿½ï¿½ø¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß»á¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä²ï¿½í¬ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����������ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµä»ï¿½ï¿½á¡£
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������׶��ë½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¹ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò´ï¿½ï¿½ã£ºï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ôµï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ä³ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
��
����������ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ïµï¿½ð»î¶¯ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ì²ï¿½
����1���ì²ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ñ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ð¹ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ò¾ß±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²äºí½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ä¸ï¿½öªì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡¶ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³¤ô¶ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½õ¹ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ì²äµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ä¿ï¿½ê£º
�����ù¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������������ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ïµä·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ü´óµ¨±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ìºí½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����3��������ñµã£º
�����������������ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¶¨î»ï¿½ú¸ï¿½öªï¿½ë·¢ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ñµï¿½îªç¨ï¿½æ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����4���׼����
�����׼��îªï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ä³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ïµä½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½åºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ñ¹¹³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ìµ½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ä³é°ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ä±ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹øµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
������������׼����
�����ù´ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½
�����ú·ç³µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����
�����û±ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü²ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½
������������4�����ä¸ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ã¿é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ë®î»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½óµä¸ß¶ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ë®î»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡££ï¿½
�������ç¿õ¼ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5����ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½
�����â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ê±ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
������ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1�������ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����������é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½×¶ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï´î±ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ê±ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ð¿×±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½×±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£
����3���ù´ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4�������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½êµê©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������������ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½é·öµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ùºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë¡¢ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ôµè·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½í¬ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·¢ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°í¬ï¿½é¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶èµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¿õ¼ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ùµä²ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ê¹ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½
����1����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ô±ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ä±ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ë�çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½,�����׶������ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó¡£´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¹øµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ü´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½îª3���ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2���ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ê¾ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï´îµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù±ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
�����׶��ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½êªï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï´î±ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ê±ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä±ï¿½ï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½ð±è½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ð¿×ºï¿½ã»ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ð¿×±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½×±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ùµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿×µä±ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ù·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ê±îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´ëµä·ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½æµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½10���ó¡ï¿½
����3���������ú£ï¿½ç¨ï¿½æ¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
������ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½äð¡ï¿½ç³µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ý¸ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì´µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é·ï¿½ï¿½ô���ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶¨µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½í»ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶¯µä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä·ç³µ×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì»ï¿½ãµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬×¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½×»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½îª12���ó¡ï¿½
����4�����ä»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½õ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½óµä´ï¿½ð¡ï¿½í·ç³µ×ªï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô°é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½îª5���ó¡ï¿½
�����塢����æ¬ï¿½ï¿½
����
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ì²ï¿½
�����ë»î¶¯ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½æ´¦ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à·±ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµò²ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ä·á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë¡ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ê³ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ïµï¿½ð»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ �����׶����߲ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½òªï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡¶ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ"�è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½"��ë±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
��������ëµï¿½î¶¯ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¼°êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½'ä¿ï¿½ê£º
������1��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµä²ï¿½í¬ê³ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
������2������í¬ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë·ï¿½ï¿½à£¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½à¡¢ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½à£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3��öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëºã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½äºï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
������øµã£ºï¿½ü°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë·ï¿½ï¿½à¡£
������ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ß²ëºã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£îªï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â»î¶¯×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½î¶¯×¼ï¿½ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½"�ṩ�ḻ�ä¿é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½îªã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ù¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"���ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½×²ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½
������2������׼�����׶����߲���ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
������3���ì¾ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½"��ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½",����ú±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ëº¢ï¿½óµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½
����1���龰���跨������"��í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"����׶�ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½()���׶����뵽��ð£ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½êºï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2���î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���û²ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4����ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
�������������ñ�׶���ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½
����1����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"���ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ìºí½ï¿½ï¿½".��ë£ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ùµä²ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����2�����ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½à¡£
����3�����鷨������ñ§ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"�������ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½".îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ê³ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½î¶¯×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
�����塢ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê½«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½õ´ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½úµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤--������ï·--��������--��ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½--æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½--��������
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����"��è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ï¿½ê¦".�ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ß²ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����1����í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»èºï¿½ß²ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ppt��
����2���׶��û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ppt�����ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ß²ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½
����3���������������߲ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ ?��ê¾ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ppt��
����������îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ò²îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á¡£
����������������ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ü³ôµä²ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ppt��
����1������í°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ò¶ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¿úºï¿½ð¡ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñºï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"���ë²ï¿½"ö®ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½
�������ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��������öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë��ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ó¡ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¹ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½
����3����í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ß²ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½×²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ë£ï¿½
����4�����ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¿ê±ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¿ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô°ï¿½ñ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ï¿½ô³ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½æ½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ë½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ê³
�����߲�óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ß¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½æ½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·"������"��pptí¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½
����ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½å¸ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½
���������������ö£ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ï¿½ß²ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
�������壩æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½æ¹ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"�߲�é³ï¿½ï¿½"���������������׶��ô³ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·üµï¿½×´ì¬ö®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³¤ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������������
�������׶��ø¼òºí°ö°ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ß²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇九
说设计意图:
新《纲要》明确指出“科学教育应密切联系幼儿的实际生活进行,利用身边的事物与现象作为科学探索的对象。” 空气是与我们的生命息息相关的,世间万物的勃勃生机都是因为有空气的的存在,,为孩子提供丰富的材料,让孩子通过眼、脑、手等多种感官去发现问题。使幼儿变被动者为主动学习者、探索者,从而萌发爱科学的情感。
说活动目标:
1、感知空气的存在,掌握空气的特征及作用。 2、激发幼儿探索自然现象的兴趣。
说活动重点:
利用有趣的科学操作活动,使幼儿对科学探究活动产生兴趣。好奇心和探究欲望是科学启蒙的关键,它将使幼儿永远保持探究学习的热情。因此,我把培养幼儿的探究兴趣做为重点,精心的呵护和培植。 说活动难点:
引导幼儿通过老师的示范操作实验,从中找到空气,我班幼儿年受其原有知识经验和思维水平的影响,对事物及其关系的认识和理解,具有很大的表面性和片面性。
说教具和学具:皮球、透明玻璃杯、粉笔、透明盛水容器、蜡烛、打火机、碎纸屑、卡纸
说教法、学法
1、教法:本次活动将运用启发提问法、观察发现法、引导发现法、实验操作法等,使幼儿感受空气的存在
2、学法:幼儿在与老师互动中通过猜谜,实验操作、观察获得认知能力的。
说活动过程:一)教师导入活动,引起幼儿兴趣。
猜谜语,引出课题:小朋友们,今天老师带来一位好朋友,我们一起来猜猜它是谁?
谜语:
看不见、摸不着,不香不臭没味道,动物植物都需要,一时一刻离不了。(空气)
出示皮球,让幼儿说出皮球为什么会鼓起来?谁住在皮球里?(空气)
(二)提出问题,幼儿猜想。
1、寻找空气:
小朋友们,我们现在一起来找一找,什么地方有空气?出示皮球,让幼儿说出谁住在皮球里?(空气)
2、幼儿讨论后回答,教师点评。
(三)实验操作,探索活动。
1、身体里的空气
请幼儿伸出一只手,嘴对着手用力吹气,感知身体里空气的存在。或用手捏住鼻子闭上嘴巴,并说出自己的感受
2、粉笔里的空气。
以小组的形式,幼儿分别把粉笔头放入盛水容器中,观察有什么现象发生。并将自己看到的现象说出来。
(四)做实验,感知空气的存在及其特性
小朋友,今天老师要和你们玩个变魔术的游戏(师示范)。 (五)倒不出来的水。 1、出示玻璃杯和厚卡纸。给玻璃杯倒满水,盖上卡纸,然后把杯子倒过来。你能使杯子里的水不倒出来吗?成功的和失败的一名代表来演示。通过对比,幼儿知道只有使杯内无气泡(杯内无空气),才
能将杯子倒过来。幼儿再次进行试验,直到获得成功。 2.是谁在帮忙。为什么杯子里没有空气,水才不会倒出来?究竟是谁在帮忙?谁那么有力量?引导幼儿交流:杯子里没有空气,外面的空气就会不让水从杯子里流出来。
3、将蜡烛点燃请一幼儿用玻璃杯罩住,观察有什么现象发生?幼儿作答,把碎纸屑放在桌子上,幼儿分组:用手在周围煽动,观察纸屑的变化。让幼儿感受我们的周围充满了空气,只是我们看不见它。 反思:本活动让幼儿对实验中发生的现象产生兴趣,在实验中让幼儿反复玩,使幼儿在操作;探索的基础上获得经验,玻璃杯中没有空气,外面的空气就会把水压入杯中卡纸就被吸住,水不会倒出来。同时我在这课添加了用杯子去盖点燃的蜡烛,一下蜡烛就灭了。空气可以支持燃烧。这样吸引幼儿的注意,目的是通过丰富多彩的活动,为幼儿建立一个探索、尝试与交流的平台。,幼儿容易理解。在活动中我运用了启发提问法,观察发现法,引导发现法,实验操作法。幼儿通过猜谜语——寻找空气——试验操作的教学环节,让抽象的自然想象变得具体化了,课堂气氛很活跃,突出了活动的重难点,通过科学探索活动,丰富幼儿的生活经验,利用简单的科学实验使幼儿感知空气的存在,也是这次活动的亮点,让幼儿理解我们的生活离不开空气。 空气无处不在,只要有空隙的地方就有空气。也培养了幼儿的认知能力。
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇十
����
������������������öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ùµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½êµï¿½ê²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ìºí·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·¢ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ò´ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������
�����ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½í½ì²ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����öªï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1��
����2�� í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ë½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
�����ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµã¶¨ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½î¶¯ä¿ï¿½ê£¬
��������������׼����
����1. ��ö»ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ò»ö»ï¿½ð£ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ò»ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2. ����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í°ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3. ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½îªö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°é±ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½1.��ê¾ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ô±è¹û²ì¡£ 2.�������û£ï¿½ï¿½óµ¨±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 3.�׶�������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 4.�û¿ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ô±è¹û²ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµø¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºüºãµï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½óµ¨±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªë®ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ûµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ô±è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµä¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ô��,�����׶������û²ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½
����������
�����������ú£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é¡£
����1.������êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í°ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1��ë��ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ²åµï¿½ð¡êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½óµ¨½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä¿ï¶ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ñ£¬³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½â©ë®ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ë®ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é·¢ï¿½ö£ï¿½ë®ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶
����2.�ü¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ç°ë±ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½è¡£ï¿½ï¿½1��ë��ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ëµëµë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ð¡ï¿½á£ºô���ðµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á±»ë®ï¿½ü½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2���������㻹������ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ëµëµï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª
�������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ë®ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½
������1����ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ü¶à¶«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é£¬ëµëµã»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2�����ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¿ýµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ëµëµí¼æ¬ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
������3�������ê¦ð¡ï¿½á£ºë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ö²ï¿½ï¡¢ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������4������ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
�������î»î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
����
������ê¦îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ë·á¸»ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����
�����ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ß¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����
�������î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ðµãµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½í¬ê±×¢ï¿½â¼¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºü¶à²»ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ð»
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇十一
����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½
�����â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ó¡£¡ï¿½ �����������çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¢ï¿½ï¿½øµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½öµè¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¹ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����ëµï¿½î¶¯ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1����öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ 2�������׶�ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½øµã£º
����������è¤ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµäºç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ñµã£º
���������׶�í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºü´ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����ëµï¿½ì¾ßºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ß£ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û±ê¡ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½
����ëµï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
����1���ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì·¢ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����ëµï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ò»)��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����������������⣺ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë?
�������
�����������������å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²»ï¿½ï¿½ã»î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¶¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ò»ê±ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ë¡ï¿½(����)
������ê¾æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ëס��æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?(����)
����(��)������⣬�׶����롣
����1��ñ°ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ò£ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��ê¾æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ëס��æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?(����)
����2���׶����ûºï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(��)êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����1��������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������׶����ò»ö»ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2���û±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ñ·û±ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(��)��êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·(ê¦ê¾ï¿½ï¿½)�� (��)����������ë®ï¿½ï¿½ 1����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íºï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ñ±ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�é¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ê§ï¿½üµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±è£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(�����þ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)����
�����ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ù´î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 2.��ë�ú°ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½áµ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?������ë�ú°ï¿½ã¦?ë��ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�����׶�������������ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»á²»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���������è¼ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�׶����𣬰���ö½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ö½ð¼ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ã¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ñ¹ï¿½ë±ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ö½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½çµï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö§ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½â£¬ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½êµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ú»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì·¢ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ªï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¾ï¿½ï¿½å»¯ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õºü»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼òµ¥µä¿ï¿½ñ§êµï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����þ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¶ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇十二
著名教育家陶行知先生说过“生活即教育”,活动内容的选择要贴近幼儿的生活。水是生命之源、生活中不可缺少的东西,是幼儿最熟悉的东西之一,几乎每个幼儿都喜欢玩水,水的透明感、流动性、溶解性等特点使幼儿对水产生浓厚的兴趣。纲要中指出:幼儿科学教育重在激发幼儿的认识兴趣和探究欲望,要尽量创造条件让幼儿实际参与探究活动,使他们感受科学探究的过程和方法,体验发现的乐趣。因此,我从幼儿的身边事物着手,抓住幼儿的兴趣点,设计了本次活动,充分创造条件,让幼儿在“玩中学”,“学中乐”。
二
活动目标是教学活动的起点和归宿,对活动起着导向的作用。(中班幼儿已具有初步的观察能力、操作能力和语言表达能力,在此基础上,我根据中班幼儿的年龄特点和教材分析,从认知情感技能三方面制定了以下两个目标:
1.
2. 通过观察、操作活动了解水的基本特性,体验自主探索的乐趣。 知道保护水资源的重要性,初步培养环保意识。
我把本节课的重点定在:尝试操作,了解水的(三个)基本特性(即透明的、流动的、能溶解物质)。
为了增强幼儿的学习兴趣,更好的服务于本次活动达到活动目标,
我做了以下准备:
1. 两只鱼缸(一只有(水、)金鱼,一只内有(米、)塑料球)
2. 人手一个塑料篮子、有洞的塑料袋、有洞的小容器、半桶清水、一根搅拌棒
3. 每组一份糖、盐、菊花精、
以目标为指导,我吧本次活动过程设计为四个环节:1.出示鱼缸,对比观察。 2.分析讨论,大胆表述 3.幼儿操作,探索解决 4.观看图片,引发思考
第一环节,同时出示两个鱼缸,对比观察,引起探索欲望(1)小朋友们,看老师带来了两个鱼缸,这两个鱼缸里有什么呢?引导幼儿通过观察后说出一个鱼缸里有水,水里有鱼;另一个鱼缸里有米。开始部分开门见山,直接引导幼儿有针对性地观察两个鱼缸,简洁明了,激发幼儿的好奇心以及探索的愿望,为下一环节作了很好的铺垫。
第二环节,引导幼儿分析讨论,大胆表述,感知水的透明感。)老师提问:米里会有什么呢?请一名幼儿到米里找一找,找出一个塑料球来。老师继续提问:)为什么你能看到鱼在水里游,却看不到米里面有塑料球呢?(根据老师的提问,先让幼儿自由表述自己的观点,随后老师小结提升:水是透明的。)通过两个物体鲜明的对比,让幼儿直观的感知到水是透明的,打破了以往教师给幼儿灌输知识的原则,而是幼儿自主观察探究得出结论,在这一环节中,教师则是作为一名
引导者
第三环节,幼儿操作,探索解决,在试试、玩玩中了解水的流动性和溶解性。
这一环节也是本节课的重点,我在这一环节中设计了两个操作实验。
1.流动性实验,幼儿人手一个塑料篮子、有洞的塑料袋、有洞的小容器、半桶清水,教师通过让幼儿自主选择材料用来盛水,(1)谁来说说看,刚才的小实验你成功了吗?发生了一件什么事情呢?(鼓励幼儿大胆讲述实验过程中发生的状况)在幼儿讲述过程中,给予充分的肯定和鼓励,为幼儿创设了一个轻松的学习氛围,让幼儿想说,敢说。这一环节,教师提供多种材料,让幼儿进行自主选择,充分体现了幼儿的自主性和主人翁意识。在操作的过程中,由于提供的都是一些会漏水的材料,因此幼儿就更能充分的体会到水是具有流动性的。最后,老师加以小结:我们通过实验发现,水是会流动的。加深了对水的特性的认识
2.溶剂性实验,教师给幼儿每人提供一根搅拌棒,每组一些糖、盐、菊花精、刚刚做实验用的那半杯水,教师请幼儿自主选择一些材料放入水中,用搅拌棒对其进行搅拌。(1)谁来说说看,刚刚你放了哪些东西?发生了什么变化?(引导幼儿说说水的颜色和实物在水中的变化)(师小结:原来有的东西会被水溶解。)(2)生活中你还见到哪些东西也是可以溶解的吗?把幼儿在实验中又拉回到了现实生活,符合幼儿的特点,贴近幼儿的生活。让幼儿运用已有经验,说说自己所知
道的可溶解的东西,在这一过程中也巩固了幼儿对溶解的含义,(那么是不是所有的东西都可以被水溶解呢?回去后再研究研究。老师以一个追问,拓展幼儿的思维,使活动更具延伸价值。)
第四环节,观看图片,引发思考,在想想、议议中知道水的重要性
(1)(水真神奇,透明的,流动的,还能溶解很多东西。如果没有水,会怎么样?引导幼儿根据自己的生活经验,说说没有水的危害。
(2)如果水脏了、被污染了,会怎么样呢?请幼儿观看一组图片:干枯的稻田、渴死的青蛙、盼水的孩子、污水河里的死鱼。观看后请幼儿说说图片上的内容。
(3)随后老师小结:水很重要,动物、植物、人都需要他,如果没有了水,或者水被污染了,地球上的一切都不能生存。)
(4)我们应该怎样保护水(资源)呢?(引导幼儿说说,如节约用水、不乱认垃圾等,初步培养环保意识。
本次活动中,我注重了一下几个方面的设计:
老师为幼儿提供了丰富的操作材料,让幼儿充分与材料互动,在操作中发现问题,探究问题,解决问题,发挥了幼儿的主动性。
在科学活动中,老师的小结非常重要,能帮助幼儿提炼、加深印象。在每一个观察、实验后,我都注意简明地小结,提高科学活动的严谨性。
本次活动设计不仅注重使幼儿在活动中得到知识、技能的提高,同时注意激发幼儿节约用水、保护水资源的愿望,懂得了水的重要性,使活动有可续性发展。)
以上就是我设计的中班科学《有趣的水》的说课内容,还有很多不足之处请各位评委老师批评指正。谢谢
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇十三
����ëµï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
�������׶�ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö°òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½æ¼ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ö°òµñ§ð£ñ§ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¨òµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ìµï¿½êµê©ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö°òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºï¿½ö°òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
�������ý½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1���ë½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
����2���ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����3�������׶�ô°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô¡ï¿½
�����ò½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����׼����ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î¸ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡¢ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
�������ú·ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ô½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
�����������û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������������îªï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµäµï¿½ï¿½í°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
������ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ãµï¿½æ¬ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
��������1�����룺��ï°ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½å£¿ï¿½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¿
����2��ñ§ï°ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½1�����׶�ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
������2���׶�ô°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½òªä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3�����ãµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3������������1����ò»ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
������2�������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ì¾ß£ï¿½
������3�����������������ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ä³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ó»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä½ç¶è½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶è½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡¢ê¹ï¿½ãµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµè£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦×¢ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡£
����4����ö¯òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªî´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¾ß±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó£¬²ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
����5���îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½"��è¤ï¿½ï¿½ê¯í·"�������ò»ï¿½î»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ö°òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½òµ¼£ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¨òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ö°òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºí¸ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð¹á³¹"����îªï¿½ï¿½"����עñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö°òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»³ï¿½ï¿½
幼儿园科学说课稿小班篇十四
说课稿各位评委老师好,我今天说课的题目是《幼儿园科学教育活动的设计》
《幼儿园教育活动设计与实践》是教育部职业教育与成人教育司推荐教材;是中等职业学校学前教育专业教学用书。本课程的实施对学生职业理论的养成和职业能力培养起主要支撑作用。
根据教材内容要求及学生学习的特点,设计以下教学目标:
1、了解幼儿园各年龄班科学教育的目标。
2、能够针对幼儿园各年龄科学教育的目标设计不同类型的科学教育活动。
3、掌握幼儿园科学教育活动设计的要求并知道其重要性。
我将了解幼儿园各年龄班科学教育的目标;掌握幼儿园科学教育活动设计的要求并知道其重要性,作为本节课的重点。教学难点则定为,能够针对幼儿园各年龄科学教育的目标设计不同类型的科学教育活动。
准备多媒体课件、教材四、说教学法新课改倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式,改变学生的学习观念、态度、习惯,鼓励学生想象、质疑、发现、创新。所以我尝试使用讲授法、交流讨论法、案例分析法、多媒体教学法等教学法进行教学。
讲授法是对教学中涉及到的理论知识进行适当的讲解,让学生有针对性的进行学习,以达到解惑的目的。
交流讨论法是指在师生互动、生生互动中,就教学中提出的问题进行讨论,引导学生充分发挥集体的智慧、自主学习、合作探究。
案例分析法,是为了实现教育目标,选择具有代表性的典型案例,进行有针对的分析、审理、讨论。
多媒体教学法,运用幻灯片使抽象理论直观化,提高课堂效率。
过程1、导入:复习旧知科学的含义?幼儿学习科学的特点?
2、学习探索新知识(1)对幼儿园各年龄班科学教育目标的分析总结:因此,幼儿对同一内容理解、掌握的层次是不完全相同的,我们一定要根据幼儿的实际情况来确定目标。
(2)幼儿园科学教育活动类型(学生看图,讨论具体哪些活动类型,不同类型的活动主要目的是什么?)(3)常用的方法3。案例点评(1)这一活动属于什么类型的活动?
(2)活动中主要运用了哪些教具?
(3)活动过程中运用了哪些具体的方法?
总结:以上的案例分析一般只是某一个或几个方面的分析,并不是全面的分析。实际上对于任一案例,不仅可以从活动设计的方法、形式的角度进行分析,还可以从其他角度进行分析,如教育理念的体现、活动目标的确定、活动结构的安排特点、使用的教育手段、教学技能等,这样更有利于我们全面了解活动设计应注意的方方面面。
4、组织要求【学生讨论】作为未来的一名幼儿教师,你应该具备哪些知识,满足什么的要求,才能够组织好幼儿的科学教育活动?
5、课后拓展以"有趣的石头"独立设计一次活动六、说教学反思以职业能力为向导,突出能力的培养;根据学前教育专业的特点、加强职业素质的养成。依据学生的认知规律和个性化发展的需求,体现学生主体的教学观。在教学中贯彻"以人为本",关注学生的内心、体现人文精神的理念,培养学生在学前教育职业向导中的人文情怀。